{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312320157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224437","title":"Toward Robust Facial Authentication for Low-Power Edge-AI Consumer Devices","display_name":"Toward Robust Facial Authentication for Low-Power Edge-AI Consumer Devices","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312320157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3224437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224437","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09963555.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09963555.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017293692","display_name":"Yao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-2788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-2788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046197594","display_name":"Viktor Varkarakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3877-2802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33117478","display_name":"Xperi (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5wn07","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33117478","https://openalex.org/I4210127493"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viktor Varkarakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xperi Corporation, Galway, Ireland","Xperi Corporation, Galway, V0TX Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xperi Corporation, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33117478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xperi Corporation, Galway, V0TX Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33117478"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060770323","display_name":"Gabriel Costache","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33117478","display_name":"Xperi (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5wn07","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33117478","https://openalex.org/I4210127493"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Costache","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Xperi Corporation, Galway, V0TX Ireland","Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xperi Corporation, Galway, V0TX Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33117478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029996716","display_name":"Joseph Lemley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-2313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33117478","display_name":"Xperi (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5wn07","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33117478","https://openalex.org/I4210127493"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Lemley","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Xperi Corporation, Galway, V0TX Ireland","Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xperi Corporation, Galway, V0TX Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33117478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066217549","display_name":"Peter Corcoran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-4793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Corcoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017293692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6097,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68335401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"123661","last_page":"123678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6075026392936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5166075825691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4448768198490143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4236524701118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3795589506626129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34032976627349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32360678911209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2794535160064697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6075026392936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5166075825691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4448768198490143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4236524701118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3795589506626129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34032976627349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32360678911209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2794535160064697}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3224437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224437","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09963555.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e22dc03396a24a3bb6df894ffbc4ae49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e22dc03396a24a3bb6df894ffbc4ae49","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 123661-123678 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://researchrepository.universityofgalway.ie:10379/18559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3224437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196322","display_name":"ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","host_organization_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3224437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3224437","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09963555.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4243722537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EPSPG/2020/40","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321056","funder_display_name":"Irish Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321056","display_name":"Irish Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/051xex213"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312320157.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312320157.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62482549","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1901075642","https://openalex.org/W2047875689","https://openalex.org/W2061131632","https://openalex.org/W2082665774","https://openalex.org/W2096027770","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2097915737","https://openalex.org/W2099230815","https://openalex.org/W2107002953","https://openalex.org/W2108428911","https://openalex.org/W2120415597","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2129150631","https://openalex.org/W2142780847","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2151976365","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2235136907","https://openalex.org/W2265959009","https://openalex.org/W2405920868","https://openalex.org/W2517157101","https://openalex.org/W2570968423","https://openalex.org/W2583099473","https://openalex.org/W2737047298","https://openalex.org/W2739207911","https://openalex.org/W2769905613","https://openalex.org/W2770880454","https://openalex.org/W2779166865","https://openalex.org/W2780468393","https://openalex.org/W2798807671","https://openalex.org/W2898985762","https://openalex.org/W2899800883","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2942551262","https://openalex.org/W2946207383","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963342110","https://openalex.org/W2963735024","https://openalex.org/W2963861381","https://openalex.org/W2963865528","https://openalex.org/W2963958000","https://openalex.org/W2963976704","https://openalex.org/W2964094607","https://openalex.org/W2964309795","https://openalex.org/W2964337551","https://openalex.org/W2966177877","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2971031751","https://openalex.org/W2971786947","https://openalex.org/W2985680131","https://openalex.org/W3034798648","https://openalex.org/W3035169015","https://openalex.org/W3035693354","https://openalex.org/W3044815875","https://openalex.org/W3048816511","https://openalex.org/W3087845270","https://openalex.org/W3090214236","https://openalex.org/W3093859587","https://openalex.org/W3110182603","https://openalex.org/W3123889096","https://openalex.org/W3133659899","https://openalex.org/W3144035815","https://openalex.org/W3165689947","https://openalex.org/W3169129566","https://openalex.org/W3193705818","https://openalex.org/W3199528201","https://openalex.org/W3208113363","https://openalex.org/W4220663406","https://openalex.org/W4281757109","https://openalex.org/W4294167326","https://openalex.org/W4294250567","https://openalex.org/W4294643831","https://openalex.org/W4312408158","https://openalex.org/W6602521380","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6714058667","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6766047865","https://openalex.org/W6795886235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2779427294","https://openalex.org/W2052899165","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W2625805835","https://openalex.org/W2008562718","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W3003936178","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robust":[0],"authentication":[1,230],"for":[2,31,57,74,139,208,232],"low-power":[3,16,233],"consumer":[4,234],"devices":[5],"without":[6],"a":[7,10,41,50,228],"keyboard":[8],"remains":[9],"challenge.":[11],"The":[12,36,118,221],"recent":[13],"availability":[14],"of":[15,43,49,85,226],"neural":[17,24],"accelerator":[18],"hardware,":[19],"combined":[20],"with":[21],"improvements":[22],"in":[23,196],"facial":[25,34,52,66],"recognition":[26,53],"algorithms":[27],"provides":[28],"enabling":[29],"technology":[30],"low-power,":[32],"on-device":[33],"authentication.":[35],"present":[37],"research":[38],"work":[39],"explores":[40],"number":[42],"approaches":[44],"to":[45,81,96,126,130,182,191],"test":[46],"the":[47,69,82,98,109,134,140,146,158,165,197,204,217,224],"robustness":[48],"state-of-the-art":[51],"(FR)":[54],"technique,":[55],"Arcface":[56],"such":[58],"end-to-end":[59],"applications.":[60],"As":[61],"extreme":[62,209],"lighting":[63,142,159,194,210],"conditions":[64,211],"and":[65,91,116],"pose":[67,92,127],"are":[68,94,105,136],"two":[70],"more":[71],"challenging":[72],"scenarios":[73,160],"FR":[75,101,122,155,206,218],"we":[76],"focus":[77],"on":[78,100,108,154],"these.":[79],"Due":[80],"general":[83],"lack":[84],"large-scale":[86],"multiple-identity":[87],"datasets,":[88],"GAN-based":[89,148],"re-lighting":[90],"techniques":[93],"used":[95],"explore":[97],"effects":[99,153],"performance.":[102],"These":[103],"results":[104,119],"further":[106],"validated":[107],"best":[110,166],"available":[111,167],"multi-identity":[112],"datasets":[113],"-":[114,164,170],"MultiPIE":[115,162],"BIWI.":[117],"show":[120,151,171],"that":[121,203],"is":[123,176,180,201],"quite":[124],"robust":[125,229],"variations":[128],"up":[129],"45-55":[131],"degrees,":[132],"but":[133],"outcomes":[135],"not":[137],"definitive":[138],"tested":[141,147],"scenarios.":[143],"For":[144],"lighting,":[145],"relighting":[149,187],"augmentations":[150],"significant":[152],"robustness.":[156],"However,":[157,199],"from":[161],"dataset":[163,169],"public":[168],"some":[172],"conflicting":[173],"results.":[174],"It":[175],"unclear":[177],"if":[178],"this":[179],"due":[181],"an":[183],"incorrectly":[184],"learned":[185],"GAN":[186],"transformation":[188],"or,":[189],"alternatively,":[190],"mixed":[192],"ambient/directional":[193],"scenes":[195],"dataset.":[198],"it":[200],"shown":[202],"GAN-induced":[205],"errors":[207],"can":[212],"be":[213],"corrected":[214],"by":[215],"fine-tuning":[216],"network":[219],"layers.":[220],"conclusions":[222],"support":[223],"feasibility":[225],"implementing":[227],"method":[231],"devices.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}