{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312886963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217920","title":"Spatial Domain-Based Robust Watermarking Framework for Cultural Images","display_name":"Spatial Domain-Based Robust Watermarking Framework for Cultural Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312886963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3217920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217920","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09931671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09931671.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060196459","display_name":"Samrah Mehraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5326-4136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135388327","display_name":"University of Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/032xfst36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samrah Mehraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5326-4136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075262888","display_name":"Subreena Mushtaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4874-1548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135388327","display_name":"University of Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/032xfst36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subreena Mushtaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4874-1548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062676855","display_name":"Shabir A. Parah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-0912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135388327","display_name":"University of Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/032xfst36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shabir A. Parah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-0912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056144164","display_name":"Kaiser J. Giri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-5011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4264650","display_name":"Islamic University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdtt649","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiser J. Giri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST), Pulwama, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-5011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST), Pulwama, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4264650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023113499","display_name":"Javaid A. Sheikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3113-3802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135388327","display_name":"University of Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/032xfst36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javaid A. Sheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir (KU), Srinagar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135388327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039341855","display_name":"Amir H. Gandomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2798-0104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU","HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir H. Gandomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","University Research and Innovation Center (EKIK) Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Research and Innovation Center (EKIK) Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043748979","display_name":"Mohammad Hijji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-401X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hijji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computers and Information Technology (FCIT), University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9279-401X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Information Technology (FCIT), University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018267985","display_name":"Khan Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khan Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, School of Convergence, College of Computing and Informatics, Visual Analytics for Knowledge Laboratory (VIS2KNOW Laboratory), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-1150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, School of Convergence, College of Computing and Informatics, Visual Analytics for Knowledge Laboratory (VIS2KNOW Laboratory), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.664,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85418369,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"117248","last_page":"117260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.7595024108886719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7056834101676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6107296347618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5472093820571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.4804679751396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage","display_name":"Cultural heritage","score":0.41127827763557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4061238765716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39901643991470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.29473012685775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15787792205810547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7595024108886719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7056834101676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6107296347618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5472093820571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.4804679751396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.41127827763557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4061238765716553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39901643991470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29473012685775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15787792205810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3217920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217920","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09931671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85bd824f76094efca33739cc963fa399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85bd824f76094efca33739cc963fa399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 117248-117260 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3217920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217920","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09931671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312886963.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312886963.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106872846","https://openalex.org/W2129793989","https://openalex.org/W2168572315","https://openalex.org/W2171845226","https://openalex.org/W2488691934","https://openalex.org/W2513661894","https://openalex.org/W2557301023","https://openalex.org/W2559886833","https://openalex.org/W2563187698","https://openalex.org/W2734644852","https://openalex.org/W2794146843","https://openalex.org/W2913312094","https://openalex.org/W2935689793","https://openalex.org/W2944990321","https://openalex.org/W2972560931","https://openalex.org/W2996982468","https://openalex.org/W3011958679","https://openalex.org/W3033195727","https://openalex.org/W3091781356","https://openalex.org/W3128902306","https://openalex.org/W3164663807","https://openalex.org/W3175552437","https://openalex.org/W3201015557","https://openalex.org/W4200067699","https://openalex.org/W4226459792","https://openalex.org/W4285816632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W2361184779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heritage":[0],"multimedia,":[1],"which":[2,36],"include":[3],"photographs,":[4],"customs,":[5],"knowledge,":[6],"arts,":[7],"rituals,":[8],"audio,":[9],"cultural":[10,78,206],"information,":[11],"and":[12,44,48,94,201,213,235],"music,":[13],"are":[14],"valuable":[15],"artifacts":[16],"of":[17,24,30,33,40,54,102,118,131,142,161,177,205,225,252,260],"any":[18],"region.":[19],"The":[20,128,220],"most":[21],"important":[22,31],"attribute":[23],"heritage":[25,79],"media":[26,81],"is":[27,82,122,135,151,232,242],"the":[28,52,55,99,115,119,163,167,174,184,198,226,236,250,253,258,261],"transmission":[29],"features":[32],"past":[34],"generations,":[35],"reflect":[37],"their":[38],"way":[39],"living,":[41],"innovative":[42],"attitude,":[43],"diversity":[45],"in":[46,183],"archaeological":[47],"historical":[49],"perspectives.":[50],"However,":[51],"proliferation":[53],"Internet":[56],"has":[57],"made":[58],"such":[59,72,75],"data":[60],"exchange":[61],"more":[62],"challenging":[63],"than":[64,217],"ever,":[65],"allowing":[66],"unauthorized":[67],"users":[68],"to":[69,244],"easily":[70],"access":[71],"information.":[73],"Under":[74],"circumstances,":[76],"securing":[77],"(CH)":[80],"essential.":[83],"In":[84,112],"that":[85],"regard,":[86],"herein,":[87],"we":[88,171,256],"present":[89],"a":[90,126,132,202],"spatial":[91,185],"domain-based":[92],"blind":[93],"robust":[95],"watermarking":[96],"scheme":[97,107,209],"for":[98,124,229],"ownership":[100],"verification":[101],"colored":[103],"CH":[104],"images;":[105],"this":[106,113],"uses":[108],"DC":[109,164,175],"coefficient":[110,176],"modification.":[111],"scheme,":[114],"\u201cY\u201d":[116,129],"element":[117,130],"YCbCr":[120],"space":[121],"used":[123],"inserting":[125],"watermark.":[127],"host":[133],"image":[134],"divided":[136,153],"into":[137,154],"non-overlapping":[138],"blocks":[139],"with":[140,267],"sizes":[141],"8":[143,147,149,158,181],"\u00d7":[144,148,157,180],"8.":[145],"Each":[146],"block":[150],"then":[152],"two":[155],"4":[156,179],"subblocks.":[159],"Instead":[160],"calculating":[162],"coefficients":[165],"using":[166],"discrete":[168],"cosine":[169],"transform,":[170],"independently":[172],"calculate":[173],"every":[178],"subblock":[182],"domain.":[186],"We":[187],"test":[188,194,230],"our":[189],"method":[190],"based":[191],"on":[192],"standard":[193],"images":[195,231],"obtained":[196],"from":[197],"USC-SIPI":[199],"dataset":[200,204],"self-created":[203],"images.":[207],"Our":[208],"demonstrates":[210],"improved":[211],"robustness":[212],"lower":[214],"computational":[215],"complexity":[216],"frequency-domain-based":[218],"techniques.":[219,270],"average":[221],"peak":[222],"signal-to-noise":[223],"ratio":[224],"proposed":[227,262],"technique":[228],"40.0830":[233],"dB,":[234],"structural":[237],"similarity":[238],"index":[239],"matrix":[240],"value":[241],"closer":[243],"one":[245],"under":[246],"no":[247],"attack,":[248],"ensuring":[249],"imperceptibility":[251],"technique.":[254],"Further,":[255],"prove":[257],"resilience":[259],"algorithm":[263],"by":[264],"comparing":[265],"it":[266],"various":[268],"state-of-the-art":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}