{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312251513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217217","title":"A Deep Learning Approach Based on Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Skin Lesion Classification","display_name":"A Deep Learning Approach Based on Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Skin Lesion Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312251513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3217217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217217","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09930511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09930511.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004572142","display_name":"Natasha Nigar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6517-666X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Natasha Nigar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (RCET), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6517-666X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (RCET), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110917357","display_name":"Muhammad Umar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0390-772X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149869","display_name":"Quality Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/048cxnx33","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149869"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Umar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tekhqs Inc., Irvine, CA, USA","TEKHQS INC, Irvine, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tekhqs Inc., Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149869"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TEKHQS INC, Irvine, California, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043345011","display_name":"Muhammad Kashif Shahzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-802X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800666866","display_name":"Government of Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/00pnp4y96","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800666866"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Kashif Shahzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Power Information Technology Company (PITC), Ministry of Energy, Power Division, Government of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Power Information Technology Company (PITC), Ministry of Energy, Power Division, Government of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800666866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076408779","display_name":"Shahid Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-6728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (RCET), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-6728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (RCET), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019202350","display_name":"Douhadji Abalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-5663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4287427","display_name":"University of Lom\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/00wc07928","country_code":"TG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}],"countries":["TG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douhadji Abalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["D&#x00E9;partment of Mathematics, University of Lom&#x00E9;, Lom&#x00E9;, Togo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D&#x00E9;partment of Mathematics, University of Lom&#x00E9;, Lom&#x00E9;, Togo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4287427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004572142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.9999,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99236161,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"113715","last_page":"113725"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11306","display_name":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seborrheic-keratosis","display_name":"Seborrheic keratosis","score":0.7619829177856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actinic-keratosis","display_name":"Actinic keratosis","score":0.7179306745529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-cancer","display_name":"Skin cancer","score":0.6693090796470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-cell-carcinoma","display_name":"Basal cell carcinoma","score":0.6373358964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermatofibroma","display_name":"Dermatofibroma","score":0.6272026896476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6251952052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion","display_name":"Lesion","score":0.617246150970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6154682040214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-lesion","display_name":"Skin lesion","score":0.5936071872711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermatology","display_name":"Dermatology","score":0.5553393959999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-cell","display_name":"Basal cell","score":0.5308336615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.43354883790016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4267379641532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32306283712387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.28102511167526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.1743660569190979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777845685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166371","display_name":"Seborrheic keratosis","level":2,"score":0.7619829177856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777873816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422225","display_name":"Actinic keratosis","level":3,"score":0.7179306745529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777789703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192102","display_name":"Skin cancer","level":3,"score":0.6693090796470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778804307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q809758","display_name":"Basal cell carcinoma","level":3,"score":0.6373358964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909176747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200237","display_name":"Dermatofibroma","level":3,"score":0.6272026896476746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6251952052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.617246150970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6154682040214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988168687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949302","display_name":"Skin lesion","level":2,"score":0.5936071872711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.5553393959999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019992690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92767510","display_name":"Basal cell","level":2,"score":0.5308336615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.43354883790016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4267379641532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32306283712387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.28102511167526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1743660569190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3217217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217217","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09930511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ccf37315264405b99b569ccc89c22b8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ccf37315264405b99b569ccc89c22b8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 113715-113725 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3217217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3217217","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09930511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312251513.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312251513.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W292488259","https://openalex.org/W1006454278","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1881549354","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2124351162","https://openalex.org/W2132201434","https://openalex.org/W2155902183","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2590082389","https://openalex.org/W2592160412","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2770093048","https://openalex.org/W2885904631","https://openalex.org/W2888938001","https://openalex.org/W2897795482","https://openalex.org/W2898260903","https://openalex.org/W2914870198","https://openalex.org/W2937742783","https://openalex.org/W2940790545","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2956801253","https://openalex.org/W2960571991","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2978316167","https://openalex.org/W2980126753","https://openalex.org/W2982317853","https://openalex.org/W3006349040","https://openalex.org/W3009963727","https://openalex.org/W3014648932","https://openalex.org/W3026316716","https://openalex.org/W3036365526","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3103031651","https://openalex.org/W3150382221","https://openalex.org/W3176714582","https://openalex.org/W3179993642","https://openalex.org/W3183198896","https://openalex.org/W3191417718","https://openalex.org/W4220799659","https://openalex.org/W4283737877","https://openalex.org/W6610542360","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6682974374","https://openalex.org/W6733905848","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6786394082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2463009828","https://openalex.org/W3045330656","https://openalex.org/W4243697084","https://openalex.org/W2156495081","https://openalex.org/W2359432344","https://openalex.org/W3037946972","https://openalex.org/W3123124893","https://openalex.org/W2952235138","https://openalex.org/W2888209613","https://openalex.org/W2361925403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,90,104,174],"skin":[1,17,61,70,88,113],"lesion":[2,62,71],"types":[3,111],"result":[4,33],"in":[5,12,34,83,184],"delayed":[6],"diagnosis":[7,82],"due":[8],"to":[9,42,67,79,160],"high":[10],"similarity":[11],"early":[13,85],"stages":[14,86],"of":[15,36,87,112],"the":[16,46,50,69,77,84,109,153],"cancer.":[18,89],"In":[19,52],"this":[20,53],"regard,":[21],"deep":[22],"learning":[23],"algorithms":[24],"are":[25,40,149],"well-recognized":[26],"solutions;":[27],"however,":[28],"these":[29],"black":[30],"box":[31],"approaches":[32],"lack":[35],"trust":[37],"as":[38,140],"dermatologists":[39,78],"unable":[41],"interpret":[43],"and":[44,130,137,144,169],"validate":[45],"decisions":[47],"made":[48],"by":[49],"models.":[51],"paper,":[54],"an":[55],"explainable":[56],"artificial":[57],"intelligence":[58],"(XAI)":[59],"based":[60],"classification":[63,72,133],"system":[64],"is":[65,94],"proposed":[66,91],"improve":[68],"accuracy.":[73],"This":[74],"will":[75,180],"help":[76],"make":[80],"rational":[81],"XAI":[92],"model":[93,106,179],"validated":[95],"using":[96,152],"International":[97],"Skin":[98],"Imaging":[99],"Collaboration":[100],"(ISIC)":[101],"2019":[102],"dataset.":[103],"developed":[105],"correctly":[107],"identifies":[108],"eight":[110],"lesions":[114],"(dermatofibroma,":[115],"squamous":[116],"cell":[117,128],"carcinoma,":[118],"benign":[119],"keratosis,":[120,126],"melanocytic":[121],"nevus,":[122],"vascular":[123],"lesion,":[124],"actinic":[125],"basal":[127],"carcinoma":[129],"melanoma)":[131],"with":[132],"accuracy,":[134],"precision,":[135],"recall":[136],"F1":[138],"score":[139],"94.47%,":[141],"93.57%,":[142],"94.01%,":[143],"94.45%":[145],"respectively.":[146],"These":[147],"predictions":[148],"further":[150],"analyzed":[151],"local":[154],"interpretable":[155],"model-agnostic":[156],"explanations":[157,163],"(LIME)":[158],"framework":[159],"generate":[161],"visual":[162],"that":[164],"match":[165],"a":[166],"prior":[167],"belief":[168],"general":[170],"explanation":[171],"best":[172],"practices.":[173],"explainability":[175],"integrated":[176],"within":[177],"our":[178],"enhance":[181],"its":[182],"applicability":[183],"real":[185],"clinical":[186],"practice.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
