{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312800054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3215744","title":"Dynamic Decomposition of Service Function Chain Using a Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Dynamic Decomposition of Service Function Chain Using a Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312800054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3215744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3215744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3215744","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09923918.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09923918.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066079780","display_name":"Swarna Bindu Chetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-9360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarna B. Chetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-9360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089768882","display_name":"Hamed Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-8757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-8757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038468421","display_name":"Massimo Tornatore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-1061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Tornatore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-1061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013684663","display_name":"Avishek Nag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-1492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avishek Nag","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-1492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9352,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7632168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"111254","last_page":"111271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8222002983093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6787496209144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6221309304237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.5347710251808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microservices","display_name":"Microservices","score":0.5227903723716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4517084062099457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4385938048362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.41183027625083923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35750359296798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3565974235534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26584118604660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.13680711388587952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8222002983093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6787496209144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6221309304237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.5347710251808167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778505942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18344624","display_name":"Microservices","level":3,"score":0.5227903723716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4517084062099457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4385938048362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.41183027625083923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35750359296798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3565974235534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26584118604660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.13680711388587952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3215744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3215744","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09923918.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae1f33660fd44d20aab4e47fc94b0734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae1f33660fd44d20aab4e47fc94b0734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 111254-111271 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:192417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-8757>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1231483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1231483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3215744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3215744","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09923918.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320858","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312800054.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312800054.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1823841943","https://openalex.org/W2105685892","https://openalex.org/W2488332032","https://openalex.org/W2500898769","https://openalex.org/W2576213463","https://openalex.org/W2738456351","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2769049908","https://openalex.org/W2791363235","https://openalex.org/W2858316688","https://openalex.org/W2907215288","https://openalex.org/W2923914728","https://openalex.org/W2946261066","https://openalex.org/W2964933174","https://openalex.org/W2969997522","https://openalex.org/W2980466635","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2991154860","https://openalex.org/W3009600477","https://openalex.org/W3012020085","https://openalex.org/W3016141565","https://openalex.org/W3024832422","https://openalex.org/W3115362555","https://openalex.org/W3127844665","https://openalex.org/W3138131344","https://openalex.org/W3188216429","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4226395110","https://openalex.org/W4246767234","https://openalex.org/W4285196348","https://openalex.org/W6722360677","https://openalex.org/W6847388455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210334847","https://openalex.org/W3181741639","https://openalex.org/W4367181468","https://openalex.org/W2767473057","https://openalex.org/W4225586032","https://openalex.org/W3003367851","https://openalex.org/W1492892507","https://openalex.org/W2953155972","https://openalex.org/W2964344204","https://openalex.org/W2786729088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,161,210],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,13,17,42,153,163,181,207,213,218,261],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"universe":[5],"will":[6,51,89,98],"continue":[7],"to":[8,24,38,70,101,187,222],"expand":[9],"with":[10,29],"the":[11,14,39,60,114,124,178,198,205,254,258],"advent":[12],"sixth":[15],"generation":[16,41],"mobile":[18,43],"networks":[19,44],"(6G),":[20],"which":[21,123,168,242],"is":[22,66,189,220],"expected":[23],"support":[25],"applications":[26,50],"and":[27,34,55,93,109,128,136,151,183,203,215,224],"services":[28,88,104,125],"higher":[30],"data":[31],"rates,":[32],"ultra-reliability,":[33],"lower":[35],"latency":[36],"compared":[37],"fifth":[40],"(5G).":[45],"These":[46],"new":[47,142],"demanding":[48],"6G":[49,86],"introduce":[52],"heavy":[53],"load":[54],"strict":[56],"performance":[57],"requirements":[58],"on":[59,173],"network.":[61],"Network":[62,155],"Function":[63,156],"Virtualization":[64],"(NFV)":[65],"a":[67,106,141,170,194,233],"promising":[68],"approach":[69,144,256],"handling":[71],"these":[72,103],"challenging":[73,221],"requirements,":[74],"but":[75],"it":[76],"also":[77,204],"poses":[78],"significant":[79],"Resource":[80],"Allocation":[81],"(RA)":[82],"challenges.":[83],"Especially":[84],"since":[85],"network":[87,96,174],"be":[90,99],"highly":[91],"complicated":[92],"comparatively":[94],"short-lived,":[95],"operators":[97],"compelled":[100],"deploy":[102],"in":[105,122,132],"flexible,":[107],"on-demand,":[108],"agile":[110],"manner.":[111],"To":[112],"address":[113],"aforementioned":[115],"issues,":[116],"microservice":[117,255],"approaches":[118],"are":[119,126],"being":[120],"investigated,":[121],"decomposed":[127],"loosely":[129],"coupled,":[130],"resulting":[131],"increased":[133],"deployment":[134,150,260],"flexibility":[135],"modularity.":[137],"This":[138],"study":[139],"investigates":[140],"RA":[143],"for":[145,148,196,201,253],"microservices-based":[146],"NFV":[147],"efficient":[149,216],"decomposition":[152,162,186,202,214],"Virtual":[154],"(VNF)":[157],"onto":[158],"substrate":[159],"networks.":[160],"VNFs":[164,200],"involves":[165],"additional":[166],"overheads,":[167],"have":[169],"detrimental":[171],"impact":[172],"resources;":[175],"hence,":[176],"finding":[177],"right":[179],"balance":[180],"when":[182],"how":[184],"much":[185],"allow":[188],"critical.":[190],"Thus,":[191],"we":[192,231],"develop":[193],"criterion":[195],"determining":[197],"potential/candidate":[199],"granularity":[206],"such":[208],"decomposition.":[209],"joint":[211],"problem":[212],"embedding":[217],"microservices":[219],"model":[223,237],"solve":[225],"using":[226,238],"exact":[227],"mathematical":[228],"models.":[229],"Therefore,":[230],"implemented":[232],"Reinforcement":[234],"Learning":[235],"(RL)":[236],"Double":[239],"Deep":[240],"Q-Learning,":[241],"revealed":[243],"an":[244],"almost":[245],"50%":[246],"more":[247],"normalized":[248],"Service":[249],"Acceptance":[250],"Rate":[251],"(SAR)":[252],"over":[257],"monolithic":[259],"VNFs.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}