{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312381123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213926","title":"Explainable Time-Series Prediction Using a Residual Network and Gradient-Based Methods","display_name":"Explainable Time-Series Prediction Using a Residual Network and Gradient-Based Methods","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312381123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213926","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916238.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916238.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019570160","display_name":"Hyojung Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3586-4100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyojung Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3586-4100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031408443","display_name":"Chanhwi Jung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chanhwi Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074333458","display_name":"Taein Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taein Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084814930","display_name":"Hyunwoo J. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2181-9264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunwoo J. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2181-9264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014457836","display_name":"Il\u2010Youp Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7117-7669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Il-Youp Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7117-7669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.767,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84729694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"108469","last_page":"108482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8526723384857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.8175867199897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6819952726364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6775896549224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.623216986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.6067842841148376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5354136824607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.4851458966732025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44681596755981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.4449199140071869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4408893287181854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43788665533065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4271771311759949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4204062521457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24429115653038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06433656811714172}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8526723384857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.8175867199897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6819952726364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6775896549224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.623216986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6067842841148376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5354136824607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.4851458966732025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44681596755981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4449199140071869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4408893287181854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43788665533065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4271771311759949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4204062521457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24429115653038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06433656811714172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213926","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916238.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca6c2ce8379240c2907aaf33cd6b6eff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca6c2ce8379240c2907aaf33cd6b6eff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 108469-108482 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213926","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916238.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3346572468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1C1C1A01013020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G636969104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1C1C1A01013020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312381123.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312381123.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1547333707","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1969852690","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2126831543","https://openalex.org/W2129270932","https://openalex.org/W2174574259","https://openalex.org/W2810209452","https://openalex.org/W2948490758","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2977155375","https://openalex.org/W2982503429","https://openalex.org/W3004401633","https://openalex.org/W3004417816","https://openalex.org/W3005021926","https://openalex.org/W3006129875","https://openalex.org/W3017116930","https://openalex.org/W3022787740","https://openalex.org/W3024158773","https://openalex.org/W3042316884","https://openalex.org/W3082548640","https://openalex.org/W3089411723","https://openalex.org/W3097099548","https://openalex.org/W3097777922","https://openalex.org/W3106973085","https://openalex.org/W3107642158","https://openalex.org/W3111955757","https://openalex.org/W3127929227","https://openalex.org/W3186017711","https://openalex.org/W4250926398","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6729059855","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6762929618","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6780218876","https://openalex.org/W6797155008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225394202","https://openalex.org/W4298287631","https://openalex.org/W2953061907","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2990636717","https://openalex.org/W2790400419","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3008584592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Researchers":[0],"are":[1],"employing":[2],"deep":[3],"learning":[4],"(DL)":[5],"in":[6],"many":[7],"fields,":[8],"and":[9,22,83,100,109,129,142,146],"the":[10,20,72,86,92,115,125,135],"scope":[11],"of":[12,24,95],"its":[13],"application":[14],"is":[15,27,32],"expanding.":[16],"However,":[17],"because":[18],"understanding":[19],"rationale":[21],"validity":[23],"DL":[25,30],"decisions":[26],"difficult,":[28],"a":[29,35,42,50,60,66],"model":[31,51,116],"occasionally":[33],"called":[34],"black-box":[36],"model.":[37,47,127],"Here,":[38],"we":[39,103],"focus":[40],"on":[41,53,91],"DL-based":[43],"explainable":[44,136],"time-series":[45,137],"prediction":[46,138],"We":[48],"propose":[49],"based":[52],"long":[54],"short-term":[55],"memory":[56],"(LSTM)":[57],"followed":[58],"by":[59],"convolutional":[61],"neural":[62],"network":[63],"(CNN)":[64],"with":[65,105,124],"residual":[67],"connection,":[68],"referred":[69],"to":[70,76],"as":[71],"LSTM-resCNN.":[73],"In":[74],"comparison":[75],"one-dimensional":[77],"CNN,":[78],"bidirectional":[79],"LSTM,":[80],"CNN-LSTM,":[81],"LSTM-CNN,":[82],"MTEX-CNN":[84],"models,":[85],"proposed":[87],"LSTM-resCNN":[88,126],"performs":[89],"best":[90],"three":[93,111],"datasets":[94],"fine":[96],"dust":[97],"(PM2.5),":[98],"bike-sharing,":[99],"bitcoin.":[101],"Additionally,":[102],"tested":[104],"Grad-CAM,":[106],"Integrated":[107],"Gradients,":[108,110],"gradient-based":[112,119],"approaches":[113],"for":[114],"explainability.":[117],"These":[118],"techniques":[120],"combined":[121],"very":[122],"well":[123],"Variables":[128],"time":[130],"lags":[131],"that":[132],"considerably":[133],"influence":[134],"can":[139],"be":[140],"identified":[141],"visualized":[143],"using":[144],"gradients":[145],"integrated":[147],"gradients.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}