{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312949070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213844","title":"Cognitive Complexity and Graph Convolutional Approach Over Control Flow Graph for Software Defect Prediction","display_name":"Cognitive Complexity and Graph Convolutional Approach Over Control Flow Graph for Software Defect Prediction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312949070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213844"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213844","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916268.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016329881","display_name":"Mansi Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-1216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115715567","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra","ror":"https://ror.org/028vtqb15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansi Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-1216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101944059","display_name":"Kumar Rajnish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9263-3072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115715567","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra","ror":"https://ror.org/028vtqb15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumar Rajnish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9263-3072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047865082","display_name":"Vandana Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-2691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115715567","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra","ror":"https://ror.org/028vtqb15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vandana Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-2691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115715567"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.7809,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95486269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"108870","last_page":"108894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8253226280212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6167600154876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6026867628097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5027449131011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-graph","display_name":"Control flow graph","score":0.4971781075000763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.49029019474983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46970483660697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.39256399869918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3504272699356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3258875012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24583712220191956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8253226280212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6167600154876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6026867628097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5027449131011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27458966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187693","display_name":"Control flow graph","level":2,"score":0.4971781075000763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.49029019474983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46970483660697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.39256399869918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3504272699356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3258875012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24583712220191956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213844","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75b0cc8149974c748e6b351f13ef4ca6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75b0cc8149974c748e6b351f13ef4ca6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 108870-108894 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213844","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09916268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312949070.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312949070.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70278048","https://openalex.org/W1505648523","https://openalex.org/W1524797244","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1965259845","https://openalex.org/W2000094362","https://openalex.org/W2037691959","https://openalex.org/W2063366932","https://openalex.org/W2091843032","https://openalex.org/W2099919734","https://openalex.org/W2101227285","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2118548380","https://openalex.org/W2120738100","https://openalex.org/W2128666163","https://openalex.org/W2131891947","https://openalex.org/W2147614994","https://openalex.org/W2155273149","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2171876838","https://openalex.org/W2360967250","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2540179803","https://openalex.org/W2602842256","https://openalex.org/W2606575420","https://openalex.org/W2617227509","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2618735982","https://openalex.org/W2680688782","https://openalex.org/W2729710884","https://openalex.org/W2731935965","https://openalex.org/W2743316948","https://openalex.org/W2767717989","https://openalex.org/W2910795780","https://openalex.org/W2949031891","https://openalex.org/W2959707865","https://openalex.org/W2963512530","https://openalex.org/W2964205113","https://openalex.org/W2967532333","https://openalex.org/W3016164475","https://openalex.org/W3088111612","https://openalex.org/W3093312020","https://openalex.org/W3098598077","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W3171508268","https://openalex.org/W3212106560","https://openalex.org/W4206433680","https://openalex.org/W4238859253","https://openalex.org/W4242920543","https://openalex.org/W4250893843","https://openalex.org/W4283738686","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4385610105","https://openalex.org/W4407940795","https://openalex.org/W6641589671","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6784835372","https://openalex.org/W6903646987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2341492732","https://openalex.org/W3187193180","https://openalex.org/W106542691","https://openalex.org/W1699080303","https://openalex.org/W4297799326","https://openalex.org/W3116064965","https://openalex.org/W4287027380","https://openalex.org/W2964145245","https://openalex.org/W2595205408","https://openalex.org/W2422195048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,217,302],"software":[1,12,27,85,215],"engineering":[2],"community":[3],"is":[4,15,32,174,221],"working":[5],"to":[6,10,46,58,62,79,95,104,162,182,213,298],"develop":[7],"reliable":[8],"metrics":[9],"improve":[11],"quality.":[13],"It":[14],"estimated":[16],"that":[17,128,306],"understanding":[18],"the":[19,26,36,41,48,81,97,117,150,154,164,168,178,183,300,307],"source":[20,49],"code":[21],"accounts":[22],"for":[23,157,177],"60%":[24],"of":[25,38,68,84,167],"maintenance":[28],"effort.":[29],"Cognitive":[30,132],"informatics":[31],"important":[33],"in":[34,56,146,329],"quantifying":[35],"degree":[37],"difficulty":[39],"or":[40],"efforts":[42],"made":[43,94],"by":[44,76,235],"developers":[45],"understand":[47],"code.":[50],"Several":[51],"empirical":[52],"studies":[53],"were":[54,233,245],"conducted":[55],"2003":[57],"assign":[59],"cognitive":[60,72,82],"weights":[61,73],"each":[63,120,261],"possible":[64],"basic":[65],"control":[66],"structure":[67],"software,":[69],"and":[70,119,148,180,196,205,226,239,242,259,264,278,292,325],"these":[71],"are":[74,296],"used":[75,297],"several":[77],"researchers":[78],"evaluate":[80,299],"complexity":[83],"systems.":[86],"In":[87,108,160],"this":[88],"paper,":[89],"an":[90,125],"effort":[91],"has":[92],"been":[93],"categorize":[96],"Control":[98],"Flow":[99],"Graphs":[100],"(CFGs)":[101],"nodes":[102],"according":[103],"their":[105],"node":[106,143,155,171],"features.":[107],"our":[109,190,236],"case,":[110],"we":[111,129],"extracted":[112],"seven":[113],"unique":[114,121],"features":[115],"from":[116],"program,":[118],"feature":[122,144,165],"was":[123],"assigned":[124],"integer":[126],"value":[127,145],"evaluated":[130],"through":[131],"Complexity":[133],"Measures":[134],"(CCMs).":[135],"We":[136,188],"then":[137,175,197],"incorporated":[138],"CCMs\u2019":[139],"results":[140,304],"as":[141,314],"a":[142,158,170],"CFGs":[147],"generated":[149],"same":[151],"based":[152],"on":[153],"connectivity":[156],"graph.":[159],"order":[161],"obtain":[163],"representation":[166],"graph,":[169],"vector":[172],"matrix":[173],"created":[176],"graph":[179],"passed":[181],"Graph":[184],"Convolutional":[185,206],"Network":[186,201,208],"(GCN).":[187],"prepared":[189],"data":[191],"sets":[192],"using":[193],"GCN":[194],"output":[195],"built":[198],"Deep":[199],"Neural":[200,207],"Defect":[202,209],"Prediction":[203,210],"(DNN-DP)":[204],"(CNN-DP)":[211],"models":[212,309],"predict":[214],"defects.":[216],"Python":[218,231],"programming":[219],"language":[220],"used,":[222],"along":[223],"with":[224,252],"Keras":[225],"TensorFlow.":[227],"Three":[228],"hundred":[229],"twenty":[230],"programs":[232,267],"written":[234],"talented":[237],"UG":[238],"PG":[240],"students,":[241],"all":[243,330],"experiments":[244],"carried":[246],"out":[247],"during":[248],"laboratory":[249],"classes.":[250],"Together":[251],"three":[253,272],"skilled":[254],"lab":[255],"programmers,":[256],"they":[257],"compiled":[258],"ran":[260],"individual":[262],"program":[263],"detected":[265],"defect/no-defect":[266],"before":[268],"categorizing":[269],"them":[270],"into":[271],"different":[273],"classes,":[274],"namely":[275],"Simple,":[276],"Medium,":[277],"Complex":[279],"programs.":[280],"Accuracy,":[281],"Receiver":[282],"Operating":[283],"Characteristics":[284],"(ROC),":[285],"Area":[286],"Under":[287],"Curve":[288],"(AUC),":[289],"F-measure,":[290],"Precision":[291],"hyper-parameter":[293],"tuning":[294],"procedures":[295],"approaches.":[301],"experimental":[303],"show":[305],"proposed":[308],"outperformed":[310],"state-of-the-art":[311],"methods":[312],"such":[313],"Nave":[315],"Bayes":[316],"(NB),":[317],"Decision":[318],"Tree":[319],"(DT),":[320],"Support":[321],"Vector":[322],"Machine":[323],"(SVM),":[324],"Random":[326],"Forest":[327],"(RF)":[328],"evaluation":[331],"criteria.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}