{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312661057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213032","title":"A Mobility-Based Epidemic Model for IoT Malware Spread","display_name":"A Mobility-Based Epidemic Model for IoT Malware Spread","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312661057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09913956.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09913956.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037820831","display_name":"Bo-Rui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9083-0822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Rui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040420733","display_name":"Shin\u2010Ming Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9796-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shin-Ming Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9796-0643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001198564","display_name":"Maina Bernard Mwangi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-692X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maina Bernard Mwangi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-692X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040420733"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9959,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87131861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"107929","last_page":"107941"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8078868389129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7601726651191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemic-model","display_name":"Epidemic model","score":0.504576563835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47577133774757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4597949683666229}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8078868389129639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7601726651191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1627819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2572354","display_name":"Epidemic model","level":3,"score":0.504576563835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47577133774757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4597949683666229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09913956.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:39523fcf834949b7b4457777818a406c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/39523fcf834949b7b4457777818a406c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 107929-107941 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3213032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3213032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09913956.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312661057.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312661057.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969381345","https://openalex.org/W2021497904","https://openalex.org/W2112680994","https://openalex.org/W2119914327","https://openalex.org/W2564813630","https://openalex.org/W2572026813","https://openalex.org/W2587683584","https://openalex.org/W2604890914","https://openalex.org/W2612545613","https://openalex.org/W2733765803","https://openalex.org/W2755088640","https://openalex.org/W2765739766","https://openalex.org/W2769979971","https://openalex.org/W2802023930","https://openalex.org/W2808610126","https://openalex.org/W2823908890","https://openalex.org/W2904394492","https://openalex.org/W2906719522","https://openalex.org/W2907278613","https://openalex.org/W2908774917","https://openalex.org/W2914511918","https://openalex.org/W2955049808","https://openalex.org/W2957227120","https://openalex.org/W2962119623","https://openalex.org/W2962164552","https://openalex.org/W2965390643","https://openalex.org/W2966031774","https://openalex.org/W2968774960","https://openalex.org/W2975208578","https://openalex.org/W3010248270","https://openalex.org/W3014102171","https://openalex.org/W3048999977","https://openalex.org/W3099414328","https://openalex.org/W3103528139","https://openalex.org/W3112196665","https://openalex.org/W3143717392","https://openalex.org/W3163598082","https://openalex.org/W4200470346","https://openalex.org/W4210281511","https://openalex.org/W4220669905","https://openalex.org/W4221003802","https://openalex.org/W4280509003","https://openalex.org/W4285180147","https://openalex.org/W6746828555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W2249809453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,74,117,130,156],"rapid":[2],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,119,132],"technology,":[5],"IoT":[6,13,39,102,120,144],"has":[7],"become":[8],"inseparable":[9],"from":[10,66],"human":[11],"lives.":[12],"is":[14,77],"extensively":[15],"used":[16,163],"in":[17,81,86],"transport,":[18],"healthcare,":[19],"manufacturing,":[20],"among":[21],"other":[22,75],"sectors.":[23],"However,":[24],"this":[25],"technology":[26],"lacks":[27],"sufficient":[28],"security":[29],"defense":[30],"capabilities,":[31],"thus":[32],"becoming":[33],"a":[34,78,87,165],"highway":[35],"for":[36],"malicious":[37],"actors.":[38],"networks":[40,103],"use":[41],"infrastructure-based":[42],"(INF)":[43],"and":[44,61,96,125,137,151,169],"device-to-device":[45],"(D2D)":[46],"communications":[47],"to":[48,63,68,99,107,115,167],"propagate":[49],"data.":[50],"The":[51,70],"INF":[52,97,124],"communication":[53,80],"utilizes":[54],"technologies":[55],"such":[56],"as":[57,164],"WLAN,":[58],"LTE,":[59],"GPRS,":[60],"GSM":[62],"relay":[64],"information":[65],"source":[67],"destination.":[69],"D2D":[71,95,126],"paradigm,":[72],"on":[73,134],"hand,":[76],"close-proximity":[79],"which":[82,160],"sensors":[83],"exchange":[84],"data":[85],"multi-hop":[88],"manner.":[89],"Since":[90],"malware":[91,121,145,157],"can":[92,161],"utilize":[93],"both":[94],"links":[98],"spread":[100,122,146],"out,":[101],"are":[104],"exceptionally":[105],"vulnerable":[106],"attacks.":[108],"Therefore,":[109],"we":[110],"propose":[111],"Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Dead":[112],"(SEIRD)":[113],"model":[114,141],"examine":[116],"dynamics":[118],"via":[123],"communications.":[127],"We":[128,153],"analyze":[129],"impacts":[131],"mobility":[133],"infection":[135],"propagation":[136],"illustrate":[138],"that":[139],"our":[140],"adequately":[142],"captures":[143],"behaviors":[147],"through":[148],"mathematical":[149],"analysis":[150],"simulations.":[152],"also":[154],"compute":[155],"transmission":[158],"threshold,":[159],"be":[162],"guideline":[166],"mitigate":[168],"suppress":[170],"an":[171],"attack.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
