{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295700760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3206012","title":"Security Hardening of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Against Adversarial Machine Learning Attacks","display_name":"Security Hardening of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Against Adversarial Machine Learning Attacks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295700760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3206012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3206012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3206012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3206012","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044259885","display_name":"Ferhat \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00c7atak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-9966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92008406","display_name":"University of Stavanger","ror":"https://ror.org/02qte9q33","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ferhat Ozgur Catak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Rogaland, Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091398081","display_name":"Murat Kuzlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-2353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Kuzlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080599800","display_name":"Haolin Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5115-999X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haolin Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002685259","display_name":"Evren \u00c7atak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-7128"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evren Catak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent researcher, Stavanger, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher, Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057642791","display_name":"Yanxiao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-7073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxiao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044259885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72065404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"100267","last_page":"100275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8021745681762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6683103442192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.650822103023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.5678575038909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-surface","display_name":"Attack surface","score":0.48792287707328796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4464586675167084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.428857684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4245030879974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3826667070388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3288842439651489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8021745681762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6683103442192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.650822103023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.5678575038909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776576444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303569","display_name":"Attack surface","level":2,"score":0.48792287707328796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4464586675167084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.428857684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4245030879974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3826667070388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3288842439651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3206012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3206012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.odu.edu:engtech_fac_pubs-1170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/engtech_fac_pubs/167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196314","display_name":"ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","host_organization_name":"Old Dominion University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Technology Faculty Publications","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f7cf67b8ac7402d929f80db9ff71b12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f7cf67b8ac7402d929f80db9ff71b12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 100267-100275 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uis.brage.unit.no:11250/3024102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3024102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"100267-100275","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3206012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3206012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2530253327","https://openalex.org/W2891828758","https://openalex.org/W2924551358","https://openalex.org/W2963355640","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3006762012","https://openalex.org/W3015001695","https://openalex.org/W3103493968","https://openalex.org/W3133971993","https://openalex.org/W3134059753","https://openalex.org/W3163024989","https://openalex.org/W3171116680","https://openalex.org/W3206897259","https://openalex.org/W3217788440","https://openalex.org/W4206541522","https://openalex.org/W4214923837","https://openalex.org/W4220777603","https://openalex.org/W4226087368","https://openalex.org/W4295308531","https://openalex.org/W6759127422","https://openalex.org/W6763958294","https://openalex.org/W6787546569","https://openalex.org/W6790092175","https://openalex.org/W6793161670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048732067","https://openalex.org/W4383468834","https://openalex.org/W4384648009","https://openalex.org/W4303645823","https://openalex.org/W4285263558","https://openalex.org/W2900159906","https://openalex.org/W4287828318","https://openalex.org/W2406556600","https://openalex.org/W4283221438","https://openalex.org/W2899811703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Next-generation":[0],"communication":[1],"networks,":[2],"also":[3,148],"known":[4],"as":[5],"NextG":[6,42,108,135],"or":[7],"5G":[8,94],"and":[9,32,38,52,61,76,87,95,102,117,123,157,187],"beyond,":[10],"are":[11],"the":[12,58,99,150,159,162,168,174,182],"future":[13],"data":[14,36],"transmission":[15,37],"systems":[16],"that":[17,173],"aim":[18],"to":[19,79,120,155],"connect":[20],"a":[21,63,74],"large":[22],"amount":[23],"of":[24,26,66,93,161,184],"Internet":[25],"Things":[27],"(IoT)":[28],"devices,":[29],"systems,":[30],"applications,":[31],"consumers":[33],"at":[34],"high-speed":[35],"low":[39],"latency.":[40],"Fortunately,":[41],"networks":[43,109,136],"can":[44,179],"achieve":[45],"these":[46,81],"goals":[47,82],"with":[48,138],"advanced":[49,70],"telecommunication,":[50],"computing,":[51],"Artificial":[53],"Intelligence":[54],"(AI)":[55],"technologies":[56],"in":[57,107,115,134],"last":[59],"decades":[60],"support":[62],"wide":[64],"range":[65],"new":[67,122],"applications.":[68],"Among":[69],"technologies,":[71],"AI":[72],"has":[73],"significant":[75],"unique":[77],"contribution":[78],"achieving":[80],"for":[83,104],"beamforming,":[84],"channel":[85],"estimation,":[86],"Intelligent":[88],"Reflecting":[89],"Surfaces":[90],"(IRS)":[91],"applications":[92,106],"beyond":[96],"networks.":[97],"However,":[98],"security":[100],"threats":[101],"mitigation":[103,153,177],"AI-powered":[105,131,163,185],"have":[110],"not":[111],"been":[112],"investigated":[113],"deeply":[114],"academia":[116],"industry":[118],"due":[119],"being":[121],"more":[124],"complicated.":[125],"This":[126,146],"paper":[127,147],"focuses":[128],"on":[129],"an":[130,191],"IRS":[132,164],"implementation":[133],"along":[137],"its":[139],"vulnerability":[140],"against":[141],"adversarial":[142,192],"machine":[143],"learning":[144],"attacks.":[145],"proposes":[149],"defensive":[151,175],"distillation":[152,176],"method":[154,178],"defend":[156],"improve":[158,181],"robustness":[160,183],"model,":[165],"i.e.,":[166],"reduce":[167],"vulnerability.":[169],"The":[170],"results":[171],"indicate":[172],"significantly":[180],"models":[186],"their":[188],"performance":[189],"under":[190],"attack.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}