{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294811354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3204812","title":"Reinforced Transformer Learning for VSI-DDoS Detection in Edge Clouds","display_name":"Reinforced Transformer Learning for VSI-DDoS Detection in Edge Clouds","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294811354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3204812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3204812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3204812","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09878326.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09878326.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059604378","display_name":"Adil Bin Bhutto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-2417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adil Bin Bhutto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028720787","display_name":"Xuan-Son Vu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-2405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Son Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-2405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070862414","display_name":"Erik Elmroth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-6798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Elmroth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-6798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046850399","display_name":"Wee Peng Tay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1543-195X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wee Peng Tay","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1543-195X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044933320","display_name":"Monowar Bhuyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-7840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monowar Bhuyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-7840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.139,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87732738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"94677","last_page":"94690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8352246284484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8037681579589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.6168121099472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5454602241516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5166271328926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5127092599868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4757663607597351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.43882277607917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.41762006282806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3523464798927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2499450147151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.18716111779212952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8352246284484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8037681579589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.6168121099472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5454602241516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5166271328926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5127092599868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4757663607597351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.43882277607917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.41762006282806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3523464798927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2499450147151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.18716111779212952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3204812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3204812","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09878326.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:umu-199861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-199861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400361","display_name":"DiVA at Ume\u00e5 University (Ume\u00e5 University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","host_organization_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article in journal"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1ee72229dde49c6a476bcbdcd453e9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1ee72229dde49c6a476bcbdcd453e9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 94677-94690 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/164993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/164993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3204812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3204812","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09878326.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320939","display_name":"Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0561xc723"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294811354.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294811354.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1152223117","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1545869203","https://openalex.org/W2157496457","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2797639220","https://openalex.org/W2810144680","https://openalex.org/W2887579771","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2898696280","https://openalex.org/W2971076825","https://openalex.org/W2979323854","https://openalex.org/W3007975792","https://openalex.org/W3008243670","https://openalex.org/W3035778353","https://openalex.org/W3110768042","https://openalex.org/W3114263020","https://openalex.org/W3124340574","https://openalex.org/W3159186099","https://openalex.org/W3177669185","https://openalex.org/W3188872815","https://openalex.org/W3194274338","https://openalex.org/W4205434581","https://openalex.org/W4226198849","https://openalex.org/W4226371534","https://openalex.org/W4285227013","https://openalex.org/W4287241050","https://openalex.org/W4288283362","https://openalex.org/W4294526978","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6733556328","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6754031182","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6764330927","https://openalex.org/W6765602453","https://openalex.org/W6779558091","https://openalex.org/W6787415353","https://openalex.org/W6789390734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W4285042611","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W3092582874","https://openalex.org/W2338718585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Edge-driven":[0],"software":[1],"applications":[2],"often":[3],"deployed":[4,128],"as":[5],"online":[6],"services":[7,16,127,146],"in":[8,71,109,151,207,219],"the":[9,33,38,65,72,102,113,117,130,144,170,173,195],"cloud-to-edge":[10],"continuum":[11],"lack":[12],"significant":[13],"protection":[14],"for":[15,36,48,59,92,120,203],"and":[17,43,89,105,124,172,190,201],"infrastructures":[18],"against":[19],"emerging":[20],"cyberattacks.":[21],"Very-Short":[22],"Intermittent":[23],"Distributed":[24],"Denial":[25],"of":[26,32,40,45,67,115,156,177],"Service":[27],"(VSI-DDoS)":[28],"attack":[29,183],"is":[30,198],"one":[31],"biggest":[34],"factor":[35],"diminishing":[37],"Quality":[39,44],"Services":[41],"(QoS)":[42],"Experiences":[46],"(QoE)":[47],"users":[49,76],"on":[50,129],"edge.":[51],"Unlike":[52],"conventional":[53],"DDoS":[54],"attacks,":[55,116],"these":[56,137],"attacks":[57,95,138,178,206],"live":[58],"a":[60,68,78,87],"very":[61],"short":[62],"time":[63],"(on":[64],"order":[66],"few":[69],"milliseconds)":[70],"traffic":[73],"to":[74],"deceive":[75],"with":[77,158,188,215],"legitimate":[79],"service":[80,106],"experience.":[81],"To":[82],"provide":[83],"protection,":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86],"novel":[88],"efficient":[90,202],"approach":[91,197],"detecting":[93,204],"VSI-DDoS":[94,205],"using":[96],"reinforced":[97],"transformer":[98,157],"learning":[99,161],"that":[100,147,194],"mitigates":[101],"tail":[103],"latency":[104,123],"availability":[107],"problems":[108],"edge":[110,208],"clouds.":[111,209],"In":[112],"presence":[114],"users\u2019":[118,152],"demand":[119],"availing":[121],"ultra-low":[122],"high":[125],"throughput":[126],"edge,":[131],"can":[132],"never":[133],"be":[134],"met.":[135],"Moreover,":[136],"send":[139],"very-short":[140],"intermittent":[141],"requests":[142],"towards":[143],"target":[145],"enforce":[148],"longer":[149],"delays":[150],"responses.":[153],"The":[154,185,210],"assimilation":[155],"deep":[159],"reinforcement":[160],"accelerates":[162],"detection":[163],"performance":[164],"under":[165],"adverse":[166],"conditions":[167],"by":[168],"adapting":[169],"dynamic":[171],"most":[174],"discernible":[175],"patterns":[176],"(e.g.,":[179],"multiplicative":[180],"temporal":[181],"dependency,":[182],"dynamism).":[184],"extensive":[186],"experiments":[187],"testbed":[189],"benchmark":[191],"datasets":[192],"demonstrate":[193],"proposed":[196],"suitable,":[199],"effective,":[200],"results":[211],"outperform":[212],"state-of-the-art":[213],"methods":[214],"0.9%-3.2%":[216],"higher":[217],"accuracy":[218],"both":[220],"datasets.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}