{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293057280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3201645","title":"Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Contact Tracing Without User Intervention","display_name":"Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Contact Tracing Without User Intervention","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293057280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3201645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3201645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3201645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09866766.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09866766.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068612515","display_name":"Brosnan Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-0073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brosnan Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-0073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018382852","display_name":"Yifeng Bie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifeng Bie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052538305","display_name":"Duncan Cairns","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan Cairns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031119661","display_name":"Geoffrey Harper","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Harper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023760520","display_name":"Jason Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-3720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057969101","display_name":"Charles B. Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049362473","display_name":"Xiaodai Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-5602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodai Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-5602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009705432","display_name":"Tao L\u0171","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-0407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-0407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068612515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.509,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93649796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"91027","last_page":"91044"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9616000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.8996784090995789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7572721242904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.7125430703163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.49779367446899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4865216612815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4373041093349457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.41086408495903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3314446806907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17127373814582825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.8996784090995789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7572721242904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.7125430703163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49779367446899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4865216612815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4373041093349457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.41086408495903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3314446806907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17127373814582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3201645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3201645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09866766.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b1b49e3dea84216b00b2633371ed795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b1b49e3dea84216b00b2633371ed795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 91027-91044 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3201645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3201645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09866766.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1258978011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRDPJ 520198-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2284905860","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2020-05938","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3525686075","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4981845096","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"520198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G516306900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ALLRP 555003-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8866914067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRANT12500317","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332186","funder_display_name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332186","display_name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/04tz64554"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293057280.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293057280.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974230855","https://openalex.org/W2093616570","https://openalex.org/W2131071075","https://openalex.org/W2333747145","https://openalex.org/W2618506493","https://openalex.org/W2770939175","https://openalex.org/W2898051988","https://openalex.org/W2963562852","https://openalex.org/W2966782227","https://openalex.org/W2972355358","https://openalex.org/W2999329771","https://openalex.org/W3013616095","https://openalex.org/W3014146874","https://openalex.org/W3021970994","https://openalex.org/W3026346600","https://openalex.org/W3029037073","https://openalex.org/W3033100354","https://openalex.org/W3037943094","https://openalex.org/W3042637685","https://openalex.org/W3046176010","https://openalex.org/W3077506331","https://openalex.org/W3091214393","https://openalex.org/W3092183282","https://openalex.org/W3094977186","https://openalex.org/W3097795338","https://openalex.org/W3103286949","https://openalex.org/W3107021061","https://openalex.org/W3108973655","https://openalex.org/W3113217284","https://openalex.org/W3114255015","https://openalex.org/W3124838414","https://openalex.org/W3131461523","https://openalex.org/W3132079550","https://openalex.org/W3138182180","https://openalex.org/W3186472775","https://openalex.org/W3191128814","https://openalex.org/W3203569007","https://openalex.org/W3204291048","https://openalex.org/W3214675120"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115308562","https://openalex.org/W2084654700","https://openalex.org/W2789571330","https://openalex.org/W4299652732","https://openalex.org/W2963744171","https://openalex.org/W2133304975","https://openalex.org/W2362901774","https://openalex.org/W4248091533","https://openalex.org/W4242093584","https://openalex.org/W1515178292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"contact":[1,41,60,160],"tracing":[2,42,61,161],"systems":[3,48,162],"required":[4],"the":[5,27,33,40,47,118],"users":[6,103],"to":[7,29,128,151],"perform":[8],"many":[9],"manual":[10],"actions,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"installing":[14],"smartphone":[15,67],"applications,":[16,68],"joining":[17,69],"wireless":[18,70],"networks,":[19,71],"or":[20,72],"carrying":[21],"custom":[22,73],"user":[23,34,74,91,97,122],"devices.":[24,75],"This":[25,146],"increases":[26],"barrier":[28],"entry":[30],"and":[31,57,87,102,111,155],"lowers":[32],"adoption":[35],"rate.":[36],"As":[37],"a":[38,52],"result,":[39],"effectiveness":[43],"is":[44,104],"reduced.":[45],"Unlike":[46],"above,":[49],"we":[50,115],"propose":[51],"new":[53],"privacy":[54],"preserving":[55],"Wi-Fi":[56],"Bluetooth":[58],"(BLE)":[59],"system":[62],"that":[63,136,158],"does":[64],"not":[65,95],"require":[66],"Our":[76],"specially":[77],"built":[78],"routers":[79],"seamlessly":[80],"track":[81,117,152],"smartphones,":[82],"laptops,":[83],"smartwatches,":[84],"BLE":[85],"headphones,":[86],"tablets":[88],"without":[89],"any":[90],"action,":[92],"but":[93],"do":[94],"trace":[96],"identity.":[98],"Mapping":[99],"between":[100],"devices":[101,123],"only":[105],"carried":[106],"out":[107],"for":[108],"confirmed":[109],"cases":[110],"suspected":[112],"contacts.":[113],"Moreover,":[114],"can":[116],"absolute":[119],"positions":[120],"of":[121],"within":[124],"1.0":[125],"m":[126],"due":[127],"using":[129],"bidirectional":[130],"long":[131],"short-term":[132],"memory":[133],"neural":[134],"networks":[135],"are":[137],"trained":[138],"with":[139],"data":[140],"pre-collected":[141],"by":[142],"an":[143],"autonomous":[144],"robot.":[145],"allows":[147],"public":[148],"health":[149],"authorities":[150],"indirect":[153],"droplet":[154],"surface":[156],"transmissions":[157],"other":[159],"often":[163],"overlook.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
