{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292994080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200757","title":"FMCW Radar-Based Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition System Capable of Out-of-Distribution Detection","display_name":"FMCW Radar-Based Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition System Capable of Out-of-Distribution Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292994080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200757","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09864155.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09864155.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026318793","display_name":"Jae-Woo Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-9198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Woo Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-9198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013616545","display_name":"Chan-Woo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3158-1760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Woo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100718523","display_name":"Jong-Hwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-4174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Hwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-4174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.3805,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90245924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"87425","last_page":"87434"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8160218000411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.7183407545089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.7088874578475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.647805392742157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":0.4559810757637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4296058118343353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4219758212566376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.419716477394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4132392108440399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3863012194633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33800649642944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08525195717811584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8160218000411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.7183407545089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.7088874578475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.647805392742157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.4559810757637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4296058118343353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4219758212566376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.419716477394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4132392108440399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3863012194633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33800649642944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08525195717811584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200757","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09864155.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:86967bbe3bbd475c8198b025203602da","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/86967bbe3bbd475c8198b025203602da","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 87425-87434 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200757","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09864155.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2881250936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G575676360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6785251721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292994080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292994080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2097454281","https://openalex.org/W2462906003","https://openalex.org/W2469690627","https://openalex.org/W2471695703","https://openalex.org/W2531174837","https://openalex.org/W2531530917","https://openalex.org/W2789648429","https://openalex.org/W2794401018","https://openalex.org/W2883778377","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2910430509","https://openalex.org/W2911053187","https://openalex.org/W2912659693","https://openalex.org/W2922148914","https://openalex.org/W2950814283","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2999165370","https://openalex.org/W3085053693","https://openalex.org/W3101180469","https://openalex.org/W3125372737","https://openalex.org/W3136820046","https://openalex.org/W3157795538","https://openalex.org/W3163242382","https://openalex.org/W3171163219","https://openalex.org/W4214710649","https://openalex.org/W4248936881","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6718836005","https://openalex.org/W6728622933","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745891213","https://openalex.org/W6752760542","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6797078281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382795578","https://openalex.org/W2355463328","https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2026258298","https://openalex.org/W3204639664","https://openalex.org/W2970836791","https://openalex.org/W2989699735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"hand":[1,14,33,83,91],"gesture":[2,15,34,84],"recognition":[3,16,35,85],"plays":[4],"a":[5,81,99,160,200],"vital":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,53,69,72],"human-computer":[9],"interaction":[10],"(HCI).":[11],"Recent":[12],"radar-based":[13],"methods":[17],"have":[18],"focused":[19],"on":[20],"achieving":[21],"high":[22,58,119],"classification":[23,120,161],"accuracy":[24,162],"using":[25,98],"deep":[26],"neural":[27],"network":[28],"(DNN)-based":[29],"classifiers.":[30],"However,":[31],"the":[32,41,123,135,138,153,165,169,179,191,194],"system":[36,86,158,181,196],"should":[37],"not":[38],"only":[39],"classify":[40,90],"gestures":[42,68,92],"accurately":[43],"but":[44],"also":[45],"detect":[46,94],"out-of-distribution":[47],"(OOD)":[48],"samples":[49,96],"to":[50,117,133,151],"be":[51],"used":[52],"real-world":[54],"HCI":[55],"scenarios":[56],"with":[57,173],"reliability.":[59],"Recognition":[60],"systems":[61],"without":[62],"OOD":[63,95,128,147,170,175],"detection":[64,129,171],"capability":[65],"misclassify":[66],"unintended":[67],"silence,":[70],"especially":[71],"real-time":[73,82,201],"scenarios.":[74],"To":[75],"tackle":[76],"this":[77],"problem,":[78],"we":[79,107],"propose":[80],"that":[87],"can":[88],"simultaneously":[89],"and":[93,113,145,187],"by":[97],"Frequency":[100],"Modulated":[101],"ContinuousWave":[102],"(FMCW)":[103],"radar":[104,109],"sensor.":[105],"First,":[106],"design":[108],"data":[110],"processing":[111],"technique":[112],"Transformer":[114],"encoder-based":[115],"classifier":[116],"achieve":[118],"accuracy.":[121],"Second,":[122],"relative":[124],"Mahalanobis":[125],"distance":[126],"(RMD)-based":[127],"method":[130],"is":[131,197],"adopted":[132],"increase":[134],"reliability":[136],"of":[137,163,185,193],"proposed":[139,154,157,180,195],"system.":[140,155],"Finally,":[141],"one":[142],"in-distribution":[143,166],"dataset":[144],"two":[146,174],"datasets":[148,176],"are":[149],"collected":[150],"verify":[152],"The":[156],"achieves":[159],"93.95%on":[164],"dataset.We":[167],"conduct":[168],"experiments":[172],"for":[177],"which":[178],"reports":[182],"AUROC":[183],"values":[184],"92.96%":[186],"92.84%,":[188],"respectively.":[189],"Furthermore,":[190],"feasibility":[192],"certified":[198],"through":[199],"experimental":[202],"demonstration.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
