{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292387471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200473","title":"Material Classification for Terahertz Images Based on Neural Networks","display_name":"Material Classification for Terahertz Images Based on Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292387471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200473","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863840.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863840.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012788086","display_name":"Tobias Kubiczek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5625-3208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Kubiczek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany","Faculty of Engineering, Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), University of Duisburg Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5625-3208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), University of Duisburg Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071924250","display_name":"Jan C. Balzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9857-0295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan C. Balzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany","Faculty of Engineering, Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), University of Duisburg Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9857-0295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Chair of Communication Systems (NTS), University of Duisburg Essen (UDE), Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012788086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":2187,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2358},"fwci":1.4778,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81515739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"88667","last_page":"88677"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.86695396900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6819049119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5904393196105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrapolation","display_name":"Extrapolation","score":0.5718520283699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4711384177207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4702174663543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.4616929292678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.45003223419189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.41774415969848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4082290828227997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.40774673223495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.26399850845336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13039499521255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11299654841423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10589301586151123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.86695396900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6819049119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5904393196105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.5718520283699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4711384177207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4702174663543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.4616929292678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.45003223419189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.41774415969848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4082290828227997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.40774673223495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.26399850845336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13039499521255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11299654841423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10589301586151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200473","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863840.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliographie.ub.uni-due.de:ubo_mods_00189670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/receive/duepublico_mods_00077022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055102","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliographie, Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Artikel/Aufsatz"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9daf94ea63c2462197214ea6b36eed59","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9daf94ea63c2462197214ea6b36eed59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 88667-88677 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:duepublico2.uni-due.de:duepublico_mods_00077022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:465-20221024-114432-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400212","display_name":"DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","host_organization_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200473","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863840.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6776943501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TRR 196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G821514941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"287022738","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325052","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292387471.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292387471.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1946550961","https://openalex.org/W2009795359","https://openalex.org/W2016043834","https://openalex.org/W2021131548","https://openalex.org/W2024979489","https://openalex.org/W2071842200","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2153448690","https://openalex.org/W2170591127","https://openalex.org/W2211057519","https://openalex.org/W2258541558","https://openalex.org/W2346132643","https://openalex.org/W2525467517","https://openalex.org/W2589227581","https://openalex.org/W2789785832","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2910730061","https://openalex.org/W2968369269","https://openalex.org/W3033678861","https://openalex.org/W3047022791","https://openalex.org/W3055876801","https://openalex.org/W3091959230","https://openalex.org/W3137429498","https://openalex.org/W3165755459","https://openalex.org/W3166182686","https://openalex.org/W3170637310","https://openalex.org/W3210487863","https://openalex.org/W6640567031","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6755977528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968270095","https://openalex.org/W4296478327","https://openalex.org/W1960072520","https://openalex.org/W2042397106","https://openalex.org/W4361730764","https://openalex.org/W1965029248","https://openalex.org/W2220129715","https://openalex.org/W2387596242","https://openalex.org/W2333625343","https://openalex.org/W2074627651"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Terahertz":[0],"time-domain":[1],"spectroscopy":[2],"enables":[3],"the":[4,14,29,38,42,47,61,77,123,126,133,143,156,167,171,175,194],"extraction":[5,12],"of":[6,13,31,44,46,79,87,113,125,145,170,197],"electrical":[7],"properties":[8],"from":[9,90,116],"materials.":[10,32,92],"An":[11],"complex":[15],"permittivity":[16],"can":[17,101,180],"be":[18,51,181],"carried":[19],"out":[20],"with":[21,109,162],"measurements":[22,117],"in":[23,119,183],"transmission":[24,120],"or":[25],"reflection":[26],"geometry":[27],"enabling":[28],"identification":[30],"To":[33],"perform":[34],"an":[35],"exact":[36],"identification,":[37],"sample":[39,164],"thickness":[40],"and":[41,59],"angle":[43],"incidence":[45],"terahertz":[48,88],"radiation":[49],"must":[50],"known.":[52],"However,":[53],"when":[54],"those":[55],"parameters":[56],"are":[57],"unknown":[58],"additionally":[60],"materials":[62,70,108,172],"show":[63,95],"strong":[64],"absorbances,":[65],"a":[66,80,97,110,129,150],"precise":[67],"differentiation":[68],"between":[69,103],"is":[71,76],"challenging.":[72],"A":[73],"promising":[74],"approach":[75,179],"use":[78],"neural":[81,99,158],"network":[82,100,152,159],"for":[83,148,193],"automated":[84,195],"material":[85,198],"classification":[86],"images":[89],"different":[91,163],"Here,":[93],"we":[94],"that":[96],"trained":[98,157],"differentiate":[102],"16":[104],"3D":[105],"printed":[106],"dielectric":[107],"high":[111],"accuracy":[112],"98":[114],"%":[115],"taken":[118],"mode.":[121],"As":[122],"constitution":[124],"dataset":[127],"has":[128],"big":[130],"impact":[131,169],"on":[132,174],"accuracy,":[134],"various":[135],"data":[136],"preparations":[137],"were":[138],"investigated":[139],"as":[140,142,190,192],"well":[141,191],"number":[144],"traces":[146],"needed":[147],"achieving":[149],"well-trained":[151],"was":[153,160],"determined.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"evaluated":[161],"thicknesses,":[165],"revealing":[166],"huge":[168],"absorbance":[173],"extrapolation":[176],"ability.":[177],"This":[178],"used":[182],"security":[184],"application":[185],"to":[186],"classify":[187],"harmful":[188],"substances":[189],"generation":[196],"maps.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}