{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292347966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200375","title":"An Intelligent, Two-Stage, In-Vehicle Diagnostic-Based Secured Framework","display_name":"An Intelligent, Two-Stage, In-Vehicle Diagnostic-Based Secured Framework","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292347966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200375","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863843.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863843.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035330478","display_name":"Tasneem A. Awaad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-8600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasneem A. Awaad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","The Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-8600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056943013","display_name":"M. Watheq El\u2010Kharashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Watheq El-Kharashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8P 5C2, Canada","The Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-733X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8P 5C2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036641211","display_name":"Mohamed Taher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-4018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Taher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","The Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-4018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004677633","display_name":"Khalid Ammar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-9018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Ali Ammar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-9018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.554,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63920431,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"88907","last_page":"88919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.6610752940177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4524853825569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10439032316207886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6610752940177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4524853825569153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10439032316207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200375","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863843.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26138332a3284a11b2e7c182345e335b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26138332a3284a11b2e7c182345e335b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 88907-88919 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3200375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3200375","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09863843.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292347966.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292347966.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965884932","https://openalex.org/W1993180463","https://openalex.org/W1993470778","https://openalex.org/W2070268576","https://openalex.org/W2106958114","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2177558873","https://openalex.org/W2207491215","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2296701710","https://openalex.org/W2414564754","https://openalex.org/W2545810962","https://openalex.org/W2602431082","https://openalex.org/W2620825407","https://openalex.org/W2737518800","https://openalex.org/W2765350715","https://openalex.org/W2772709151","https://openalex.org/W2897929592","https://openalex.org/W2899319440","https://openalex.org/W2910900019","https://openalex.org/W2914845865","https://openalex.org/W2970148885","https://openalex.org/W3087876563","https://openalex.org/W3090391777","https://openalex.org/W3216141275","https://openalex.org/W3216903837","https://openalex.org/W4206309573","https://openalex.org/W4220775946","https://openalex.org/W4230462995","https://openalex.org/W4236087479","https://openalex.org/W6759841327","https://openalex.org/W6963307189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1,45],"interests":[2],"have":[3,47,220],"been":[4,48,222],"directed":[5],"to":[6,13,20,35,112,161],"study":[7],"the":[8,14,21,72,79,91,114,117,129,133,142,147,155,239,247],"security":[9],"of":[10,16,27,69,74,78,109,116,132],"vehicles":[11],"due":[12],"advancement":[15],"their":[17,75],"technologies.":[18],"Due":[19],"rapid":[22],"growth":[23],"and":[24,82,119,146,167,213,244],"accelerated":[25],"development":[26],"electronic":[28],"control":[29],"units":[30],"(ECUs),":[31],"they":[32],"are":[33],"countered":[34],"be":[36,56],"exploited":[37],"by":[38,58,98,123,171],"external":[39],"attacks.":[40],"As":[41],"a":[42,106,110,172,206],"result,":[43],"recent":[44],"efforts":[46],"focused":[49],"on":[50,205],"investigating":[51],"alternative":[52],"countermeasures":[53],"that":[54,208,219,230],"might":[55],"implemented":[57],"introducing":[59],"different":[60,210],"intrusion":[61],"detection":[62,144,149],"systems":[63],"(IDSs).":[64],"The":[65,135,151,179,201,225],"problem":[66],"with":[67,235],"some":[68],"IDSs":[70,86],"is":[71,95,137,169,181,199,203],"location":[73],"deployment":[76],"because":[77],"ECU":[80],"limitations":[81],"constraints.":[83],"Other":[84],"introduced":[85],"require":[87],"severe":[88],"changes":[89],"in":[90,128,164,193],"in-vehicle":[92],"network,":[93],"which":[94],"not":[96,221],"preferred":[97],"vehicle":[99,118],"manufacturers.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"research,":[103],"we":[104],"introduce":[105],"novel":[107],"design":[108],"framework":[111,136],"check":[113],"state":[115],"capture":[120],"possible":[121],"attacks":[122,218],"detecting":[124],"any":[125],"malicious":[126],"data":[127,166],"diagnostic":[130,165],"parameters":[131],"vehicle.":[134],"divided":[138],"into":[139],"two":[140,184],"phases:":[141],"specific-based":[143],"phase":[145],"anomaly-based":[148],"phase.":[150],"proposed":[152],"system":[153],"employs":[154],"extreme":[156],"gradient":[157],"boosting":[158],"(XGBoost)":[159],"algorithm":[160,176,198],"detect":[162,233],"anomalies":[163,192],"it":[168,231],"optimized":[170],"non-dominated":[173],"sorting":[174],"genetic":[175],"II":[177],"(NSGA-II).":[178],"model":[180,202],"verified":[182,214],"against":[183,216],"datasets":[185],"collected":[186],"from":[187],"real":[188],"vehicles.":[189],"To":[190],"generate":[191],"datasets,":[194],"an":[195],"attack":[196,211],"generation":[197],"introduced.":[200],"trained":[204],"dataset":[207,243],"contains":[209],"types":[212],"blindly":[215],"various":[217],"seen":[223],"before.":[224],"framework&#x2019;s":[226],"experimental":[227],"results":[228],"show":[229],"can":[232],"abnormalities":[234],"accuracy":[236],"97.00%":[237],"for":[238,246],"Seat":[240],"Leon":[241],"2018":[242],"97.49%":[245],"KIA":[248],"SOUL":[249],"dataset.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
