{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292403547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3197906","title":"A Low-Cost Fully Integer-Based CNN Accelerator on FPGA for Real-Time Traffic Sign Recognition","display_name":"A Low-Cost Fully Integer-Based CNN Accelerator on FPGA for Real-Time Traffic Sign Recognition","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292403547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3197906"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3197906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3197906","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09853508.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09853508.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101937595","display_name":"Jaemyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-9680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaemyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-9680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035110848","display_name":"Jin-Ku Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-3740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Ku Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-3740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019873685","display_name":"Yongwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-2319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of System Semiconductor Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-2319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of System Semiconductor Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0307,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88051105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"84626","last_page":"84634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8320752382278442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6582765579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5858941078186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.5716601014137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5396803021430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5188749432563782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4767680764198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.446962833404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4414427876472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.42675572633743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4208720028400421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.39105433225631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35295000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3024097979068756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.29517775774002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21375197172164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.1860043704509735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.16862457990646362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8320752382278442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6582765579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5858941078186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.5716601014137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5396803021430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5188749432563782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4767680764198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.446962833404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4414427876472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.42675572633743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4208720028400421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39105433225631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35295000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3024097979068756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.29517775774002075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21375197172164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.1860043704509735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.16862457990646362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3197906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3197906","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09853508.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b568c0e30ffe47b38b863171dd455b2f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b568c0e30ffe47b38b863171dd455b2f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 84626-84634 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3197906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3197906","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09853508.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3101108053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3993613658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4812789830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5966894348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6288946660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1G1A1007415","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G815191286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1G1A1007415","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322065","display_name":"National IT Industry Promotion Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/026v53e29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292403547.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292403547.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012742472","https://openalex.org/W2117876524","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2784271224","https://openalex.org/W2792806930","https://openalex.org/W2963690607","https://openalex.org/W2981052729","https://openalex.org/W3000458940","https://openalex.org/W3158216587","https://openalex.org/W3164770750","https://openalex.org/W3165198387","https://openalex.org/W3185921728","https://openalex.org/W3186146740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2532502681","https://openalex.org/W3204400881","https://openalex.org/W3214410901","https://openalex.org/W3204296682","https://openalex.org/W3183118997","https://openalex.org/W2917767146","https://openalex.org/W4403390102","https://openalex.org/W4319952061","https://openalex.org/W4280636456","https://openalex.org/W4388913998"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"sign":[1],"recognition":[2],"(TSR)":[3],"technology":[4],"allows":[5],"the":[6,27,137,144,157,162,172,200,212,215,229,249,252,262,272,284,336],"vehicle":[7],"to":[8,90,128,180,335],"recognize":[9],"road":[10],"signs":[11],"through":[12],"a":[13,62,113,123,168,191,242,277,300,307,316],"camera":[14],"and":[15,36,78,155,184,193,219,240,261,306,326,331],"use":[16,151],"it":[17],"for":[18,58],"driving.":[19],"For":[20],"traffic":[21],"safety,":[22],"TSR":[23,64,117,278,289],"is":[24,69,283],"one":[25],"of":[26,44,148,204,214,245,264,280,303,310],"core":[28],"technologies":[29],"constituting":[30],"advanced":[31],"driver":[32],"assistance":[33],"systems":[34],"(ADAS),":[35],"several":[37],"researches":[38],"have":[39,87],"been":[40,88],"studied.":[41],"The":[42,132,295],"advent":[43],"convolutional":[45],"neural":[46],"networks":[47],"(CNNs)":[48],"has":[49],"opened":[50],"up":[51],"new":[52],"possibilities":[53],"in":[54,66,93],"automotive":[55],"environments,":[56],"especially":[57],"ADAS.":[59],"However,":[60],"deploying":[61],"real-time":[63,116,182],"application":[65],"resource-constrained":[67],"ADAS":[68],"challenging":[70],"because":[71],"most":[72],"CNNs":[73],"require":[74],"high":[75],"computing":[76],"resources":[77,102],"memory":[79,223],"usage.":[80,224],"To":[81],"address":[82],"this":[83,109,321],"problem,":[84],"some":[85],"works":[86,98,290],"studied":[89],"consider":[91],"optimization":[92],"embedded":[94,293],"platforms,":[95],"but":[96],"existing":[97],"used":[99],"many":[100],"hardware":[101,118,174,195,297],"or":[103],"showed":[104],"low":[105],"computation":[106,301,329],"performance.":[107],"In":[108,187,270],"paper,":[110],"we":[111,121,189],"propose":[112],"low-cost":[114],"CNN-based":[115,288],"accelerator.":[119],"Firstly,":[120],"extend":[122],"novel":[124],"hardware-friendly":[125],"quantization":[126,133,163],"method":[127,134],"reduce":[129,156,220],"computational":[130,158],"complexity.":[131],"can":[135,210,275],"reconstruct":[136],"CNN":[138,233,254,274],"so":[139],"that":[140,198,228],"all":[141],"operations,":[142],"including":[143],"skip":[145,201,216],"connection":[146,202,217],"path":[147,203,218],"residual":[149,205],"blocks,":[150],"only":[152,234],"integer":[153,237],"arithmetic":[154],"overhead":[159],"by":[160,259,268,324],"replacing":[161],"affine":[164],"mapping":[165],"process":[166],"with":[167,248],"shift":[169],"operation.":[170],"Secondly,":[171],"proposed":[173,253,273,296],"accelerator":[175,298],"applied":[176],"two":[177],"parallelization":[178],"strategies":[179],"balance":[181],"inference":[183],"resource":[185],"consumption.":[186],"addition,":[188,271],"present":[190],"simple":[192],"effective":[194],"design":[196,208],"scheme":[197,209],"handles":[199],"blocks.":[206],"This":[207],"optimize":[211],"dataflow":[213],"additional":[221],"internal":[222],"Experimental":[225],"results":[226],"show":[227],"reconstructed":[230],"fully":[231],"integer-based":[232],"requires":[235],"24M":[236],"operations":[238,265],"(IOPs)":[239],"possesses":[241],"model":[243,255],"size":[244,256],"0.17MB.":[246],"Compared":[247],"previous":[250,337],"work,":[251],"was":[257,266],"reduced":[258,267],"&#x00D7;105,":[260],"number":[263],"&#x00D7;58.":[269],"achieve":[276],"accuracy":[279,286],"99.07%,":[281],"which":[282],"highest":[285],"among":[287],"implemented":[291,314],"on":[292,315,328],"platforms.":[294],"achieves":[299],"performance":[302,330],"960":[304],"MOPS":[305],"frame":[308,332],"rate":[309,333],"40":[311],"FPS":[312],"when":[313],"Xilinx":[317],"ZC706":[318],"SoC.":[319],"Consequently,":[320],"work":[322],"improves":[323],"&#x00D7;11.87":[325],"&#x00D7;36.7":[327],"compared":[334],"work.":[338]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
