{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289913091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3196917","title":"The Robustness of Counterfactual Explanations Over Time","display_name":"The Robustness of Counterfactual Explanations Over Time","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289913091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3196917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3196917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3196917","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09851645.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09851645.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057722785","display_name":"Andrea Ferrario","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9968-9474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Ferrario","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobiliar Lab for Analytics at ETH, Zurich, Switzerland","ETH Zurich and Mobiliar Lab for Analytics at ETH, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobiliar Lab for Analytics at ETH, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich and Mobiliar Lab for Analytics at ETH, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051693305","display_name":"Michele Loi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-4724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Loi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057722785"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.4159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95057446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"82736","last_page":"82750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.9791167974472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7936313152313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7774457931518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6865744590759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6339256167411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.578048825263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.5478642582893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.521296501159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.4833895266056061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-hoc","display_name":"Post hoc","score":0.4490974545478821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.4304943084716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2164260745048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19403797388076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.12439322471618652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12136545777320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1124773919582367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9791167974472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7936313152313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7774457931518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6865744590759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6339256167411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.578048825263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.5478642582893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.521296501159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.4833895266056061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992886853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18381816","display_name":"Post hoc","level":2,"score":0.4490974545478821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4304943084716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2164260745048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19403797388076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12439322471618652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12136545777320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1124773919582367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3196917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3196917","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09851645.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e82fcdbfdb834c27881889770d9113b6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e82fcdbfdb834c27881889770d9113b6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 82736-82750 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/568684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/568684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 10","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/598629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/598629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 10","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000568684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000568684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3196917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3196917","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09851645.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289913091.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289913091.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198744195","https://openalex.org/W2000566182","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2338318698","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2777473055","https://openalex.org/W2891340972","https://openalex.org/W2898694742","https://openalex.org/W2909392392","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2950866572","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963125461","https://openalex.org/W2972441196","https://openalex.org/W2973319951","https://openalex.org/W2977235550","https://openalex.org/W2994120362","https://openalex.org/W2994363832","https://openalex.org/W2995528912","https://openalex.org/W3003166972","https://openalex.org/W3036319923","https://openalex.org/W3048469880","https://openalex.org/W3094334232","https://openalex.org/W3094613840","https://openalex.org/W3101038122","https://openalex.org/W3101748278","https://openalex.org/W3103795814","https://openalex.org/W3104149808","https://openalex.org/W3106544837","https://openalex.org/W3125997628","https://openalex.org/W3128232076","https://openalex.org/W3134111219","https://openalex.org/W3135487809","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W3139217465","https://openalex.org/W3150272442","https://openalex.org/W3169001897","https://openalex.org/W3177114012","https://openalex.org/W3213788487","https://openalex.org/W4205675155","https://openalex.org/W4206272743","https://openalex.org/W4207021985","https://openalex.org/W4221157482","https://openalex.org/W4226290207","https://openalex.org/W4236302910","https://openalex.org/W4243367342","https://openalex.org/W4283169618","https://openalex.org/W4287646194","https://openalex.org/W4297747175","https://openalex.org/W6734862562","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6747008139","https://openalex.org/W6768006745","https://openalex.org/W6768299147","https://openalex.org/W6771539043","https://openalex.org/W6779239075","https://openalex.org/W6779842153","https://openalex.org/W6780369355","https://openalex.org/W6783608825","https://openalex.org/W6784161558","https://openalex.org/W6784357840","https://openalex.org/W6790848043","https://openalex.org/W6797229915","https://openalex.org/W6809886338","https://openalex.org/W6988977658"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056582926","https://openalex.org/W3137864021","https://openalex.org/W2162910442","https://openalex.org/W2079879923","https://openalex.org/W4200271736","https://openalex.org/W2104420793","https://openalex.org/W3017854570","https://openalex.org/W2028689793","https://openalex.org/W4242448314","https://openalex.org/W2964449086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Counterfactual":[0],"explanations":[1,55,83,113],"are":[2],"a":[3,61,70],"prominent":[4],"example":[5],"of":[6,56,64,81,111],"post-hoc":[7],"interpretability":[8],"methods":[9],"in":[10,39,90,121],"the":[11,25,53,79,109],"explainable":[12],"Artificial":[13],"Intelligence":[14],"(AI)":[15],"research":[16],"domain.":[17],"Differently":[18],"from":[19],"other":[20],"explanation":[21],"methods,":[22],"they":[23],"offer":[24],"possibility":[26],"to":[27,76,118],"have":[28],"recourse":[29],"against":[30],"unfavourable":[31],"outcomes":[32],"computed":[33],"by":[34],"machine":[35,46,123],"learning":[36,47,124],"models.":[37],"However,":[38],"this":[40,65],"paper":[41],"we":[42,68,95],"show":[43,103],"that":[44,104],"retraining":[45,99],"models":[48],"over":[49,84,114],"time":[50],"may":[51],"invalidate":[52],"counterfactual":[54,73,82,105,112],"their":[57,119],"outcomes.":[58],"We":[59,86],"provide":[60],"formal":[62],"definition":[63],"phenomenon":[66],"and":[67],"introduce":[69],"method,":[71],"namely":[72],"data":[74,106],"augmentation,":[75],"help":[77],"improving":[78],"robustness":[80,110],"time.":[85],"test":[87],"our":[88],"method":[89],"an":[91],"empirical":[92],"study":[93],"where":[94],"simulate":[96],"different":[97],"model":[98],"scenarios.":[100],"Our":[101],"results":[102],"augmentation":[107],"improves":[108],"time,":[115],"therefore":[116],"contributing":[117],"use":[120],"real-world":[122],"applications.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
