{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288062148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3194050","title":"Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Through Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites: A Survey on Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities","display_name":"Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Through Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites: A Survey on Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288062148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3194050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3194050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3194050","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09840374.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09840374.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027543111","display_name":"Fabricio S. Prol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-1705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F. S. Prol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-1705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058638938","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Morales Ferr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Morales Ferre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","Electrical Engineering Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-0539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006329706","display_name":"Zainab Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7970-3224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091713353","display_name":"Petri V\u00e4lisuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-6408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Valisuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014181276","display_name":"Christina Pinell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-8082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Pinell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-8082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063382658","display_name":"Elena Simona Lohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-6924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. S. Lohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","Electrical Engineering Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-6924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066732719","display_name":"Mahmoud Elsanhoury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Elsanhoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-4613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058824167","display_name":"Mohammed Elmusrati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9304-6590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Elmusrati","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9304-6590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033726383","display_name":"Saiful Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6658-3427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6658-3427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058602141","display_name":"Kaan \u00c7elikbilek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-8656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Celikbilek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","Electrical Engineering Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-8656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070566219","display_name":"Kannan Selvan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-7611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Selvan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047295098","display_name":"Jaakko Yliaho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Yliaho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Economy Research Platform, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Economy Research Platform, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112428979","display_name":"K. Rutledge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Rutledge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020520440","display_name":"Arto Ojala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-6348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ojala","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marketing and Communication, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-6348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marketing and Communication, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074228687","display_name":"Luca Ferranti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-0920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Ferranti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. Praks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7907-0671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Praks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7907-0671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042861027","display_name":"M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3801-1018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Z. H. Bhuiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3801-1018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065743311","display_name":"Sanna Kaasalainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-418X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Kaasalainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-418X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062251141","display_name":"Heidi Kuusniemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-9531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","display_name":"University of Vaasa","ror":"https://ror.org/03769b225","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Kuusniemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","Digital Economy Research Platform, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-9531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Economy Research Platform, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), National Land Survey of Finland (NLS), Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":19,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027543111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":141.341,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":240,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99985458,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"83971","last_page":"84002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5594797134399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.556277871131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5386595129966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.4638296365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4577528238296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.4531432092189789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.42235618829727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3331495225429535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17605334520339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.16446945071220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14334198832511902}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5594797134399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.556277871131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5386595129966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.4638296365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4577528238296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.4531432092189789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42235618829727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3331495225429535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17605334520339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.16446945071220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14334198832511902}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3194050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3194050","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09840374.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7052569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7052569","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7052569","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/116193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/a9112b09-6a01-40df-b201-f40e5f4bfd9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75b19b98cc23410a81c5d45e0502ede8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75b19b98cc23410a81c5d45e0502ede8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 83971-84002 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/347080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/347080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"A1 Journal article \u2013 refereed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osuva.uwasa.fi:10024/14577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osuva.uwasa.fi/handle/10024/14577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400974","display_name":"Osuva (University of Vaasa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79765343","host_organization_name":"University of Vaasa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79765343"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WOS:000843255100001","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/224105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/224105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3194050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3194050","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09840374.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322282","display_name":"Jane ja Aatos Erkon S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/03vxy9y38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323664","display_name":"Teknologiateollisuuden 100-Vuotisjuhlas\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/01654ws56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288062148.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288062148.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":200,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97601222","https://openalex.org/W631873320","https://openalex.org/W834419208","https://openalex.org/W1480923640","https://openalex.org/W1507035553","https://openalex.org/W1525329694","https://openalex.org/W1531532259","https://openalex.org/W1542080047","https://openalex.org/W1576718945","https://openalex.org/W1631590754","https://openalex.org/W1634055340","https://openalex.org/W1887200362","https://openalex.org/W1894309764","https://openalex.org/W1968140153","https://openalex.org/W1972406241","https://openalex.org/W1976348373","https://openalex.org/W1981143845","https://openalex.org/W1993199003","https://openalex.org/W1995339988","https://openalex.org/W1996587571","https://openalex.org/W2005595047","https://openalex.org/W2007426548","https://openalex.org/W2010178433","https://openalex.org/W2010518947","https://openalex.org/W2015775343","https://openalex.org/W2017489593","https://openalex.org/W2022242915","https://openalex.org/W2032944668","https://openalex.org/W2034595967","https://openalex.org/W2034757347","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2040373695","https://openalex.org/W2042178778","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2059029094","https://openalex.org/W2063085808","https://openalex.org/W2066179258","https://openalex.org/W2068631034","https://openalex.org/W2074148302","https://openalex.org/W2075056964","https://openalex.org/W2079394237","https://openalex.org/W2086568003","https://openalex.org/W2094655360","https://openalex.org/W2099918229","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2106809543","https://openalex.org/W2109166674","https://openalex.org/W2109364787","https://openalex.org/W2118086534","https://openalex.org/W2118203476","https://openalex.org/W2119539043","https://openalex.org/W2119819969","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2123487311","https://openalex.org/W2124452130","https://openalex.org/W2128466827","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2130296116","https://openalex.org/W2131536887","https://openalex.org/W2131587026","https://openalex.org/W2142381953","https://openalex.org/W2146392645","https://openalex.org/W2149389995","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2152878419","https://openalex.org/W2153105094","https://openalex.org/W2156116332","https://openalex.org/W2159498963","https://openalex.org/W2160388311","https://openalex.org/W2167425539","https://openalex.org/W2173965381","https://openalex.org/W2191678300","https://openalex.org/W2192096741","https://openalex.org/W2201582145","https://openalex.org/W2460809596","https://openalex.org/W2501497351","https://openalex.org/W2564514509","https://openalex.org/W2580388383","https://openalex.org/W2590939275","https://openalex.org/W2599936392","https://openalex.org/W2609798657","https://openalex.org/W2619983842","https://openalex.org/W2624030620","https://openalex.org/W2743047255","https://openalex.org/W2744747563","https://openalex.org/W2745092705","https://openalex.org/W2755340515","https://openalex.org/W2755622205","https://openalex.org/W2757190587","https://openalex.org/W2765405370","https://openalex.org/W2782081794","https://openalex.org/W2784690196","https://openalex.org/W2791565799","https://openalex.org/W2800260730","https://openalex.org/W2800694765","https://openalex.org/W2885609546","https://openalex.org/W2888406588","https://openalex.org/W2900454652","https://openalex.org/W2901617570","https://openalex.org/W2902575118","https://openalex.org/W2905222433","https://openalex.org/W2905561316","https://openalex.org/W2909888830","https://openalex.org/W2919605053","https://openalex.org/W2921024437","https://openalex.org/W2921679472","https://openalex.org/W2938430142","https://openalex.org/W2948630513","https://openalex.org/W2962961372","https://openalex.org/W2965008678","https://openalex.org/W2965314725","https://openalex.org/W2968618534","https://openalex.org/W2972997281","https://openalex.org/W2981540509","https://openalex.org/W2982390930","https://openalex.org/W2983005398","https://openalex.org/W2985031189","https://openalex.org/W2997065982","https://openalex.org/W2998466918","https://openalex.org/W2998591559","https://openalex.org/W3003598705","https://openalex.org/W3004078037","https://openalex.org/W3007804894","https://openalex.org/W3011774895","https://openalex.org/W3016981569","https://openalex.org/W3021782238","https://openalex.org/W3021894267","https://openalex.org/W3022612213","https://openalex.org/W3023072456","https://openalex.org/W3034639293","https://openalex.org/W3034802270","https://openalex.org/W3034813944","https://openalex.org/W3043796598","https://openalex.org/W3082891507","https://openalex.org/W3083163740","https://openalex.org/W3087952645","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3090318508","https://openalex.org/W3093055699","https://openalex.org/W3094988718","https://openalex.org/W3100769692","https://openalex.org/W3103016528","https://openalex.org/W3104650338","https://openalex.org/W3107995473","https://openalex.org/W3109184405","https://openalex.org/W3111986121","https://openalex.org/W3112150869","https://openalex.org/W3112436939","https://openalex.org/W3113037423","https://openalex.org/W3114252008","https://openalex.org/W3118555233","https://openalex.org/W3120253624","https://openalex.org/W3127190499","https://openalex.org/W3131451168","https://openalex.org/W3133074743","https://openalex.org/W3149221176","https://openalex.org/W3151396443","https://openalex.org/W3155037853","https://openalex.org/W3164427034","https://openalex.org/W3164521861","https://openalex.org/W3165573226","https://openalex.org/W3168216715","https://openalex.org/W3181951178","https://openalex.org/W3184634080","https://openalex.org/W3184924368","https://openalex.org/W3186209653","https://openalex.org/W3189537783","https://openalex.org/W3189778133","https://openalex.org/W3190250322","https://openalex.org/W3194875224","https://openalex.org/W3201566337","https://openalex.org/W3203947708","https://openalex.org/W3205895500","https://openalex.org/W3207008047","https://openalex.org/W3207377112","https://openalex.org/W3208391475","https://openalex.org/W3209784341","https://openalex.org/W3213072942","https://openalex.org/W3213174907","https://openalex.org/W4206801131","https://openalex.org/W4210704181","https://openalex.org/W4211159904","https://openalex.org/W4212897641","https://openalex.org/W4212911508","https://openalex.org/W4213019392","https://openalex.org/W4214865174","https://openalex.org/W4225373558","https://openalex.org/W4237064274","https://openalex.org/W4247075689","https://openalex.org/W4283024491","https://openalex.org/W6600760110","https://openalex.org/W6623156519","https://openalex.org/W6628155531","https://openalex.org/W6630235267","https://openalex.org/W6630391876","https://openalex.org/W6639325027","https://openalex.org/W6729442116","https://openalex.org/W6752998811","https://openalex.org/W6772035195","https://openalex.org/W6798968587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111015838","https://openalex.org/W4307865003","https://openalex.org/W2028190576","https://openalex.org/W4399426891","https://openalex.org/W3185741031","https://openalex.org/W2386343909","https://openalex.org/W2914365858","https://openalex.org/W4206958678","https://openalex.org/W1504956807","https://openalex.org/W3003494777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"More":[0],"and":[1,24,32,48,51,69,97,119,131,134,145,164,175],"more":[2],"satellites":[3],"are":[4,20,103],"populating":[5],"the":[6,10,17,83,123,135],"sky":[7],"nowadays":[8,58],"in":[9,85,158],"Low":[11],"Earth":[12,27,169],"orbits":[13],"(LEO).":[14],"Most":[15],"of":[16,126,138,153],"targeted":[18,40],"applications":[19],"related":[21],"to":[22,38,60,81],"broadband":[23],"narrowband":[25],"communications,":[26,160],"observation,":[28,170],"synthetic":[29],"aperture":[30],"radar,":[31],"internet-of-Things":[33],"(IoT)":[34],"connectivity.":[35],"In":[36],"addition":[37],"these":[39],"applications,":[41],"there":[42,70],"is":[43,57,71,148],"yet-to-be-harnessed":[44],"potential":[45],"for":[46,111,129],"LEO":[47],"positioning,":[49],"navigation,":[50],"timing":[52],"(PNT)":[53],"systems,":[54],"or":[55],"what":[56,88,99,106],"referred":[59],"as":[61],"LEO-PNT.":[62],"No":[63],"commercial":[64,136],"LEO-PNT":[65,76,90,113,141],"solutions":[66],"currently":[67],"exist":[68],"no":[72],"unified":[73],"research":[74],"on":[75],"concepts.":[77],"Our":[78],"survey":[79,147],"aims":[80],"fill":[82],"gaps":[84],"knowledge":[86],"regarding":[87],"a":[89,112,139,151],"system":[91],"entails,":[92],"its":[93],"technical":[94],"design":[95,114],"steps":[96],"challenges,":[98],"physical":[100],"layer":[101],"parameters":[102],"viable":[104],"solutions,":[105],"tools":[107],"can":[108],"be":[109],"used":[110],"(e.g.,":[115],"optimisation":[116],"steps,":[117],"hardware":[118],"software":[120],"simulators,":[121],"etc.),":[122],"existing":[124],"models":[125],"wireless":[127,159],"channels":[128],"satellite-to-ground":[130],"ground-to-satellite":[132],"propagation,":[133],"prospects":[137],"future":[140],"system.":[142],"A":[143],"comprehensive":[144],"multidisciplinary":[146],"provided":[149],"by":[150],"team":[152],"authors":[154],"with":[155],"complementary":[156],"expertise":[157],"signal":[161],"processing,":[162],"navigation":[163],"tracking,":[165],"physics,":[166],"machine":[167],"learning,":[168],"remote":[171],"sensing,":[172],"digital":[173],"economy,":[174],"business":[176],"models.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":43}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}