{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286539352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192837","title":"An Ultra-Scalable Blockchain Platform for Universal Asset Tokenization: Design and Implementation","display_name":"An Ultra-Scalable Blockchain Platform for Universal Asset Tokenization: Design and Implementation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286539352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192837","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09834329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09834329.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052529979","display_name":"Ahto Buldas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahto Buldas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia","Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024067855","display_name":"Dirk Draheim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-7489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Draheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Information Systems Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076237579","display_name":"Mike Gault","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Gault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guardtime, Lausanne, Switzerland","Guardtime, Avenue d&#x2019"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, Avenue d&#x2019","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023834578","display_name":"Risto Laanoja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-3373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Risto Laanoja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia","Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044346994","display_name":"Takehiko Nagumo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-8878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090055","display_name":"Mitsubishi UFJ Research & Consulting (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00c782c94","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210090055"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takehiko Nagumo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting, Minato, Tokyo, Japan","Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting, 5-11-2 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan","Graduate School of Management, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi Kyoto, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting, Minato, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090055"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting, 5-11-2 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090055"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Management, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085316703","display_name":"M\u00e4rt Saarepera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1808-9915"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mart Saarepera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia","rnu mnt 160a, Tallinn, Estonia","Martest Research, P&#x00E4"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"rnu mnt 160a, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Martest Research, P&#x00E4","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023820143","display_name":"Syed Attique Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2949-7391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Attique Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Millennium Point, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Millennium Point, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024690169","display_name":"Joosep Simm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1952-4803"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joosep Simm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033197754","display_name":"Jamie Steiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-5108"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Steiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083991445","display_name":"Tanel Tammet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4414-3874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanel Tammet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Applied Artificial Intelligence Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077131649","display_name":"Ahto Truu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-5005"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahto Truu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guardtime, A. H. Tammsaare tee 60, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052529979"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":13.674,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98850703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"77284","last_page":"77322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8556206822395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8092371225357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7340856790542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cash","display_name":"Cash","score":0.5227758288383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.49738290905952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.4864656627178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.47237375378608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.45026496052742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terabit","display_name":"Terabit","score":0.4240313768386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3940497636795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2213955819606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1772734820842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1677527129650116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13087204098701477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8556206822395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8092371225357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7340856790542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778083465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464","display_name":"Cash","level":2,"score":0.5227758288383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.49738290905952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.4864656627178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.47237375378608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.45026496052742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76808792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152323","display_name":"Terabit","level":4,"score":0.4240313768386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3940497636795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2213955819606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1772734820842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1677527129650116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13087204098701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192837","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09834329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:13603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db8f60a2e8bf48ddbeb4d4d3320dac65","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db8f60a2e8bf48ddbeb4d4d3320dac65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 77284-77322 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192837","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09834329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286539352.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4286539352.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122805432","https://openalex.org/W1204318418","https://openalex.org/W1515932031","https://openalex.org/W1532325152","https://openalex.org/W1555511670","https://openalex.org/W1564370218","https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W1601376565","https://openalex.org/W1880050045","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2000842239","https://openalex.org/W2005725110","https://openalex.org/W2009366137","https://openalex.org/W2014191808","https://openalex.org/W2025177555","https://openalex.org/W2038345682","https://openalex.org/W2044008035","https://openalex.org/W2055825231","https://openalex.org/W2056621186","https://openalex.org/W2056903984","https://openalex.org/W2105685537","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2119245106","https://openalex.org/W2126250434","https://openalex.org/W2155139515","https://openalex.org/W2155216551","https://openalex.org/W2256663742","https://openalex.org/W2288007454","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2411911989","https://openalex.org/W2464674306","https://openalex.org/W2513577354","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2601068773","https://openalex.org/W2606010969","https://openalex.org/W2717184009","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2765574007","https://openalex.org/W2768178849","https://openalex.org/W2774909858","https://openalex.org/W2779399013","https://openalex.org/W2793275640","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2794998788","https://openalex.org/W2795321837","https://openalex.org/W2811112224","https://openalex.org/W2884325794","https://openalex.org/W2892520153","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2899357412","https://openalex.org/W2936876535","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2949656921","https://openalex.org/W2956869838","https://openalex.org/W2963434081","https://openalex.org/W2964303100","https://openalex.org/W2970320270","https://openalex.org/W2971569867","https://openalex.org/W2972575607","https://openalex.org/W2972684008","https://openalex.org/W2972732491","https://openalex.org/W2979949631","https://openalex.org/W2981399413","https://openalex.org/W2981826892","https://openalex.org/W2987933512","https://openalex.org/W2989739431","https://openalex.org/W2998733773","https://openalex.org/W2998762116","https://openalex.org/W2999278420","https://openalex.org/W3006707661","https://openalex.org/W3015342956","https://openalex.org/W3015453103","https://openalex.org/W3025998948","https://openalex.org/W3039746697","https://openalex.org/W3082245425","https://openalex.org/W3086033818","https://openalex.org/W3090464427","https://openalex.org/W3093960777","https://openalex.org/W3109155492","https://openalex.org/W3118779258","https://openalex.org/W3120351348","https://openalex.org/W3123658637","https://openalex.org/W3124650869","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3138282719","https://openalex.org/W3155602733","https://openalex.org/W3158482781","https://openalex.org/W3159880726","https://openalex.org/W3161236462","https://openalex.org/W3166479327","https://openalex.org/W3168928150","https://openalex.org/W3194496906","https://openalex.org/W4205156803","https://openalex.org/W4205919831","https://openalex.org/W4210480282","https://openalex.org/W4210982436","https://openalex.org/W4213213499","https://openalex.org/W4236001339","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4252261040","https://openalex.org/W4254219102","https://openalex.org/W4280630344","https://openalex.org/W4297972233","https://openalex.org/W4301852635","https://openalex.org/W4318982887","https://openalex.org/W4388174267","https://openalex.org/W6680498981","https://openalex.org/W6694658679","https://openalex.org/W6695144810","https://openalex.org/W6747048825","https://openalex.org/W6755103282","https://openalex.org/W6759625968","https://openalex.org/W6763946227","https://openalex.org/W6799368465","https://openalex.org/W6803681266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375891","https://openalex.org/W3092702943","https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4391241361","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4320715980","https://openalex.org/W3122124622","https://openalex.org/W4376606592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"its":[1],"introduction":[2],"with":[3,95,128,159,196,218],"Bitcoin":[4],"in":[5,20,144,227,237,266],"2009,":[6],"blockchain":[7,56,93],"technology":[8,57,94,263],"has":[9],"received":[10],"tremendous":[11],"attention":[12],"by":[13],"academia,":[14],"industry,":[15],"politics":[16],"and":[17,53,87,98,133,163,188,269,295,311,318,328,338],"media":[18],"alike,":[19],"particular,":[21],"through":[22],"extended":[23],"blockchain-based":[24,42],"visions":[25],"such":[26,41],"as":[27,297],"smart":[28],"contracts,":[29],"decentralized":[30],"finance,":[31],"and,":[32],"most":[33],"recently,":[34],"Web3.":[35],"The":[36,254],"critical":[37],"prerequisite":[38],"for":[39,290],"any":[40],"vision":[43],"to":[44,59,146,198],"be":[45],"turned":[46],"into":[47,66,273],"reality":[48],"is":[49,104,264],"uncapped":[50],"scalability.":[51],"Furthermore,":[52,190],"equally":[54],"important,":[55],"needs":[58],"transcend":[60],"the":[61,77,114,129,142,148,156,193,219,230,239,247,250,259,274,281,308,315,322,331,339,344],"stage":[62],"of":[63,80,110,121,136,151,171,179,207,222,229,232,249,261,283,301,314,325,335,343],"specialized":[64],"tokens":[65],"an":[67,175,205],"adaptive,":[68],"heterogeneous":[69],"tokenization":[70,286],"platform.":[71,305,346],"In":[72],"this":[73,244],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,125,191,279],"explain":[76],"Alphabill":[78,275,304,329,336,345],"family":[79],"technologies":[81],"that":[82,124,242,258,288],"addresses":[83],"both":[84,267],"unlimited":[85,96,265],"scalability":[86,97,260],"unrestricted":[88],"adaptivity.We":[89],"deliver":[90],"a":[91,107,134,152,215,284,298],"sharded":[92],"performance,":[99],"called":[100,303],"KSI":[101,122,223,326],"Cash,":[102],"which":[103],"based":[105],"on":[106],"new":[108],"form":[109],"electronic":[111],"money":[112,252],"scheme,":[113],"bill":[115,251],"scheme.":[116],"We":[117,235,306],"present":[118],"performance":[119,245],"tests":[120],"Cash":[123,327],"have":[126],"conducted":[127],"European":[130],"Central":[131],"Bank":[132],"group":[135],"eight":[137],"national":[138],"central":[139,220],"banks":[140],"from":[141],"Eurosystem":[143],"order":[145],"assess":[147],"technological":[149],"feasibility":[150],"digital":[153],"euro.We":[154],"show":[155,192],"system":[157,194],"operating":[158,195],"100":[160,186],"million":[161,200],"wallets":[162],"15":[164],"thousand":[165],"transactions":[166,211],"per":[167,182,203,212],"second":[168,213],"(under":[169],"simulation":[170],"realistic":[172],"usage);":[173],"having":[174],"estimated":[176],"carbon":[177],"footprint":[178],"0.0001g":[180],"CO2":[181],"transaction":[183],"(Bitcoin":[184],"=":[185],"kg":[187],"more).":[189],"up":[197],"2":[199],"payment":[201],"orders":[202],"second,":[204],"equivalent":[206],"more":[208],"than":[209],"300,000":[210],"(in":[214],"laboratory":[216],"setting":[217],"components":[221],"Cash),":[224],"scaling":[225],"linearly":[226],"terms":[228],"number":[231],"deployed":[233],"shards.":[234],"explain,":[236],"detail,":[238],"key":[240],"concepts":[241,248],"unlock":[243],"(i.e.,":[246],"scheme).":[253],"results":[255],"provide":[256],"evidence":[257],"our":[262],"permissioned":[268],"permissionless":[270],"scenarios,":[271],"resulting":[272],"Money":[276],"technology.":[277],"Next,":[278],"contribute":[280],"architecture":[282,317],"universal":[285,291],"platform":[287],"allows":[289],"asset":[292],"tokenization,":[293],"transfer":[294],"exchange":[296],"global":[299],"medium":[300],"exchange,":[302],"reveal":[307],"crucial":[309],"conceptual":[310],"technical":[312],"contributions":[313],"platform’s":[316],"their":[319],"interplay,":[320],"including":[321],"data":[323],"structures":[324],"Money,":[330,337],"dust":[332],"collection":[333],"solution":[334,342],"atomic":[340],"swap":[341]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}