{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285820010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192458","title":"Fingerprinting Technique for YouTube Videos Identification in Network Traffic","display_name":"Fingerprinting Technique for YouTube Videos Identification in Network Traffic","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285820010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192458","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832901.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103131323","display_name":"Waleed Afandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7103-3844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Afandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078487772","display_name":"Syed M. A. H. Bukhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-5879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Muhammad Ammar Hassan Bukhari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004447380","display_name":"Muhammad Usman Shahid Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7299-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad U. S. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074668532","display_name":"Tahir Maqsood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0439-5700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahir Maqsood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003909640","display_name":"Samee U. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samee U. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103131323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960","https://openalex.org/I3131573596"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.3602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90075921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"76731","last_page":"76741"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8783491253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.6966524124145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-bitrate","display_name":"Variable bitrate","score":0.6872422695159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6043674349784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-analysis","display_name":"Traffic analysis","score":0.5405773520469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5246165990829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4930693805217743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4544662535190582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4537979066371918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-rate","display_name":"Bit rate","score":0.22753199934959412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13060787320137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10792046785354614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8783491253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.6966524124145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57667952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154443","display_name":"Variable bitrate","level":3,"score":0.6872422695159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6043674349784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.5405773520469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5246165990829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4930693805217743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4544662535190582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4537979066371918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987812609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194158","display_name":"Bit rate","level":2,"score":0.22753199934959412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13060787320137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10792046785354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192458","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:777031217670418184ee190c42a20410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/777031217670418184ee190c42a20410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 76731-76741 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192458","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832901.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285820010.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285820010.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W337489262","https://openalex.org/W1134222653","https://openalex.org/W1614703486","https://openalex.org/W1971703394","https://openalex.org/W1987869000","https://openalex.org/W1989781795","https://openalex.org/W2000756828","https://openalex.org/W2002093905","https://openalex.org/W2047363665","https://openalex.org/W2048702750","https://openalex.org/W2060312080","https://openalex.org/W2126156218","https://openalex.org/W2141708177","https://openalex.org/W2162452656","https://openalex.org/W2169659938","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2295321789","https://openalex.org/W2315694766","https://openalex.org/W2320204756","https://openalex.org/W2334995621","https://openalex.org/W2524361122","https://openalex.org/W2546966125","https://openalex.org/W2598137689","https://openalex.org/W2793336017","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2939518202","https://openalex.org/W2949600091","https://openalex.org/W2955506470","https://openalex.org/W2960741711","https://openalex.org/W2964526105","https://openalex.org/W2966088671","https://openalex.org/W2990595241","https://openalex.org/W2991414892","https://openalex.org/W3023568338","https://openalex.org/W3031299494","https://openalex.org/W3035952106","https://openalex.org/W3037463437","https://openalex.org/W3042309530","https://openalex.org/W3097387069","https://openalex.org/W3100532166","https://openalex.org/W3115674042","https://openalex.org/W3176886005","https://openalex.org/W3183574522","https://openalex.org/W3205365181","https://openalex.org/W4206910610","https://openalex.org/W4210423341","https://openalex.org/W4211118398","https://openalex.org/W6627462904","https://openalex.org/W6682188453","https://openalex.org/W6743795535","https://openalex.org/W6760147015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140469601","https://openalex.org/W2112844514","https://openalex.org/W1687620409","https://openalex.org/W2216679518","https://openalex.org/W4315926519","https://openalex.org/W3085294341","https://openalex.org/W3166874438","https://openalex.org/W4289314221","https://openalex.org/W4206366499","https://openalex.org/W2092384028"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"many":[1],"video":[2,14,41,75,86,112],"streaming":[3,15,22,76],"services,":[4],"such":[5,35],"as":[6],"YouTube,":[7],"Twitch,":[8],"and":[9,24,123,153,159],"Facebook,":[10],"have":[11,47],"contributed":[12],"to":[13,18,27,53,78,97,146],"traffic,":[16],"leading":[17],"the":[19,40,58,71,110,121],"possibility":[20],"of":[21,156],"unwanted":[23],"inappropriate":[25],"content":[26,36],"minors":[28],"or":[29],"individuals":[30],"at":[31],"workplaces.":[32],"Therefore,":[33],"monitoring":[34],"is":[37,43,137,144],"necessary.":[38],"Although":[39],"traffic":[42,51],"encrypted,":[44],"several":[45],"studies":[46],"proposed":[48],"techniques":[49],"using":[50],"data":[52],"decipher":[54],"users’":[55],"activity":[56],"on":[57],"web.":[59],"Dynamic":[60],"Adaptive":[61],"Streaming":[62],"over":[63,150],"HTTP":[64],"(DASH)":[65],"uses":[66],"Variable":[67],"Bit-Rate":[68],"(VBR)":[69],"-":[70],"most":[72,89],"widely":[73],"adopted":[74],"technology,":[77],"ensure":[79],"smooth":[80],"streaming.":[81],"VBR":[82,100],"causes":[83],"inconsistencies":[84],"in":[85,88],"identification":[87],"research.":[90],"This":[91],"research":[92],"proposes":[93],"a":[94,132,154],"fingerprinting":[95],"method":[96],"accommodate":[98],"for":[99],"inconsistencies.":[101],"First,":[102],"bytes":[103],"per":[104,115],"second":[105],"(BPS)":[106],"are":[107,118,126],"extracted":[108],"from":[109,120,128],"YouTube":[111,148],"stream.":[113],"Bytes":[114],"Period":[116],"(BPP)":[117],"generated":[119,127],"BPS,":[122],"then":[124],"fingerprints":[125],"these":[129],"BPPs.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"Convolutional":[133],"Neural":[134],"Network":[135],"(CNN)":[136],"optimized":[138],"through":[139],"experiments.":[140],"The":[141],"resulting":[142],"CNN":[143],"used":[145],"detect":[147],"streams":[149],"VPN,":[151],"Non-VPN,":[152],"combination":[155],"both":[157],"VPN":[158],"Non-VPN":[160],"network":[161],"traffic.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}