{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285821452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192416","title":"Image Enhancement and Features Extraction of Electron Microscopic Images Using Sigmoid Function and 2D-DCT","display_name":"Image Enhancement and Features Extraction of Electron Microscopic Images Using Sigmoid Function and 2D-DCT","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285821452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192416","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832863.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070370573","display_name":"Vivek Arya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114796046","display_name":"Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya","ror":"https://ror.org/053xj0761","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114796046"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Arya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, FET, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed To Be University), Haridwar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-4865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, FET, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed To Be University), Haridwar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114796046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029876985","display_name":"Hemant Choubey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9747756","display_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/008b3ap06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hemant Choubey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India","Science, Gwalior, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science, Gwalior, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086184685","display_name":"Sandeep Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1098-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9747756","display_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/008b3ap06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India","Science, Gwalior, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1098-7633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9747756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science, Gwalior, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068293015","display_name":"Te-Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9815-5427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116739771","display_name":"National Tainan Institute of Nursing","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7zwf98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116739771"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Te-Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of General Education, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9815-5427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of General Education, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116739771"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047477860","display_name":"Cheng\u2010Chi Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-1703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114150738","display_name":"Fu Jen Catholic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04je98850","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114150738"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Chi Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Library and Information Science, Research and Development Center for Physical Education, Health, Information Technology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan","Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-1703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Library and Information Science, Research and Development Center for Physical Education, Health, Information Technology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114150738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2337,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89279531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"76742","last_page":"76751"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.7780748009681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value","display_name":"Singular value","score":0.6949528455734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.66148841381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value-decomposition","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","score":0.6045131683349609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.565650463104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5170455574989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse","display_name":"Inverse","score":0.49411824345588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.455554336309433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.41426488757133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3613685071468353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34706801176071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.26480555534362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.18078827857971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.0719376802444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0706796944141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.7780748009681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109282560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4166054","display_name":"Singular value","level":3,"score":0.6949528455734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.66148841381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22789450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420904","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","level":2,"score":0.6045131683349609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.565650463104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5170455574989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.49411824345588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.455554336309433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41426488757133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3613685071468353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34706801176071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26480555534362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.18078827857971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0719376802444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0706796944141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192416","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2eba9ddfeabe4da5918e9ea463466986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2eba9ddfeabe4da5918e9ea463466986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 76742-76751 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3192416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3192416","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09832863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323032","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328107","display_name":"Fu Jen Catholic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04je98850"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285821452.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285821452.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85012173","https://openalex.org/W205595773","https://openalex.org/W1995286437","https://openalex.org/W1995826591","https://openalex.org/W1996231962","https://openalex.org/W2001412060","https://openalex.org/W2009990744","https://openalex.org/W2016089683","https://openalex.org/W2050432064","https://openalex.org/W2058333183","https://openalex.org/W2096702704","https://openalex.org/W2111016950","https://openalex.org/W2114531724","https://openalex.org/W2116621672","https://openalex.org/W2119922429","https://openalex.org/W2127757833","https://openalex.org/W2128824769","https://openalex.org/W2133053556","https://openalex.org/W2146907897","https://openalex.org/W2170551850","https://openalex.org/W2294128348","https://openalex.org/W2502631026","https://openalex.org/W2510601165","https://openalex.org/W2789236895","https://openalex.org/W2919699140","https://openalex.org/W2951423899","https://openalex.org/W3081262431","https://openalex.org/W3127968388","https://openalex.org/W3137277224","https://openalex.org/W3181054019","https://openalex.org/W4232965882","https://openalex.org/W4308665337","https://openalex.org/W6603426637","https://openalex.org/W6608357170","https://openalex.org/W6632560046","https://openalex.org/W6677578797","https://openalex.org/W6679292959","https://openalex.org/W6697066781","https://openalex.org/W6725529453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978162990","https://openalex.org/W4319586039","https://openalex.org/W4382583540","https://openalex.org/W2010100052","https://openalex.org/W2148568324","https://openalex.org/W1990844505","https://openalex.org/W1607100495","https://openalex.org/W4378770618","https://openalex.org/W4386721910","https://openalex.org/W2038393145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"innovative":[1],"image":[2,36,130],"enhancement":[3,59],"and":[4,16,125,173,181,186],"feature":[5],"extraction":[6],"technique":[7,24,54,140],"that":[8,30,137],"is":[9,49],"based":[10],"on":[11,100],"the":[12,32,45,78,83,87,93,101,104,113,117,121,128,138],"modified":[13,27,46],"sigmoid":[14,28,47],"function":[15,29,48],"two-dimensional":[17],"DCT":[18,76],"has":[19],"been":[20],"developed.":[21],"The":[22,108,176],"proposed":[23,53,109,139],"uses":[25],"a":[26],"accommodates":[31],"original":[33],"microscopic":[34,89,105,160,188],"input":[35,41,106,114],"characteristics.":[37],"A":[38],"novel":[39],"block-based":[40],"value":[42,69,80,123],"coupled":[43],"with":[44],"used":[50],"in":[51,64,92],"this":[52],"to":[55,147],"provide":[56],"good":[57],"contrast":[58,66],"of":[60,86,103,154],"an":[61,72,97],"image,":[62],"resulting":[63],"localised":[65],"enhancement.":[67],"Singular":[68],"decomposition":[70],"played":[71],"important":[73],"role":[74],"after":[75],"because":[77],"singular":[79,94,122],"matrix":[81],"determines":[82],"intensity":[84,102],"values":[85,95],"provided":[88],"image.":[90,107],"Changes":[91],"have":[96],"immediate":[98],"impact":[99],"methodology":[110],"essentially":[111],"converts":[112],"picture":[115],"into":[116],"SVD-DCT":[118],"domain,":[119],"normalises":[120],"matrix,":[124],"finally":[126],"reconstructs":[127],"enhanced":[129],"using":[131],"inverse":[132],"DCT.":[133],"Simulation":[134],"findings":[135],"demonstrate":[136],"produces":[141],"significantly":[142],"superior":[143],"improved":[144],"results":[145],"compared":[146],"other":[148],"current":[149],"approaches.":[150],"Various":[151],"essential":[152],"characteristics":[153],"actinomycetes":[155],"become":[156],"evident":[157],"once":[158],"electron":[159],"images":[161],"are":[162],"enhanced,":[163],"such":[164],"as":[165],"long":[166],"filaments,":[167],"coils":[168],"or":[169],"spirals,":[170],"rod":[171],"shapes,":[172],"spore":[174],"patterns.":[175],"presented":[177],"method":[178],"works":[179],"successfully":[180],"efficiently":[182],"for":[183],"various":[184],"bright":[185],"dark":[187],"images.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2022-07-19T00:00:00"}