{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285820826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3191643","title":"Thermal Estimation of Modular Multilevel Converter Submodule Using Deep Regression on GRU and LSTM Network","display_name":"Thermal Estimation of Modular Multilevel Converter Submodule Using Deep Regression on GRU and LSTM Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285820826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3191643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3191643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3191643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09831782.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09831782.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070390551","display_name":"Ye-Seul Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-7489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye-Seul Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI Convergence Network, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-7489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI Convergence Network, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065861148","display_name":"Hye-Won Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2696-7557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hye-Won Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2696-7557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073846036","display_name":"Kyo\u2010Beum Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-9500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyo-Beum Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-9500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331815","display_name":"Jungwon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8922-063X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Won Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI Convergence Network, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8922-063X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI Convergence Network, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6463,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66403785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"75343","last_page":"75353"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12804","display_name":"Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/junction-temperature","display_name":"Junction temperature","score":0.8695990443229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.8035134077072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.7483752965927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.649779200553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.5144062638282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.49339261651039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.49157318472862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.46861323714256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.45924121141433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.416969358921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33745062351226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1952267289161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1634158492088318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13308975100517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11844772100448608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167781694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6311800","display_name":"Junction temperature","level":3,"score":0.8695990443229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.8035134077072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.7483752965927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.649779200553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.5144062638282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49339261651039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.49157318472862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.46861323714256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45924121141433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.416969358921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33745062351226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1952267289161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1634158492088318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13308975100517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11844772100448608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3191643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3191643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09831782.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:43c67c31a15c4c11b9655bfb27c3848e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/43c67c31a15c4c11b9655bfb27c3848e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 75343-75353 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3191643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3191643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09831782.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1452217100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20206910100160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2062006231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2C1007400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6270474477","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20206910100160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285820826.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285820826.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598342846","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W2027145618","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2110242546","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2153011453","https://openalex.org/W2167320299","https://openalex.org/W2193374437","https://openalex.org/W2604131032","https://openalex.org/W2748466216","https://openalex.org/W2796161777","https://openalex.org/W2809601911","https://openalex.org/W2903523109","https://openalex.org/W2928716549","https://openalex.org/W2969972413","https://openalex.org/W2978157326","https://openalex.org/W2996353762","https://openalex.org/W3011079741","https://openalex.org/W3047202348","https://openalex.org/W3119370458","https://openalex.org/W3125997809","https://openalex.org/W3136710252","https://openalex.org/W3157571362","https://openalex.org/W3170376765","https://openalex.org/W3178722300","https://openalex.org/W3194196195","https://openalex.org/W6640212811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W31220157","https://openalex.org/W2312753042","https://openalex.org/W4289356671","https://openalex.org/W2389155397","https://openalex.org/W2165884543","https://openalex.org/W3186837933","https://openalex.org/W2368989808","https://openalex.org/W2034959125","https://openalex.org/W2355687852","https://openalex.org/W2621086889"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,101],"proposed":[2,123],"a":[3,74],"GRU/LSTM-based":[4],"deep":[5,104],"regression":[6,75,105],"model":[7,106,124],"for":[8],"thermal":[9,59,129],"estimation":[10,60,130],"of":[11,20,41,47,67,77,118,128],"modular":[12],"multilevel":[13],"converter":[14],"submodule.":[15,121],"The":[16,32,84,122],"MMC":[17,69,120],"is":[18,61,73],"composed":[19],"many":[21],"submodules":[22],"with":[23],"the":[24,35,39,42,45,55,65,68,89,103,110,115,119,126,138],"power":[25,56],"semiconductors":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"IGBTs":[29],"and":[30,44,147],"MOSFETs.":[31],"switches":[33],"are":[34],"main":[36],"components":[37],"determining":[38],"reliability":[40,66],"MMCs,":[43],"swing":[46],"junction":[48,111],"temperature":[49,112],"causes":[50],"most":[51],"switch":[52],"failures":[53],"in":[54],"semiconductors.":[57],"So,":[58],"essential":[62],"to":[63,94,137,153],"improve":[64],"systems.":[70],"Thermal":[71],"modeling":[72],"problem":[76],"time-series":[78],"data,":[79],"considering":[80],"various":[81],"environmental":[82,91],"conditions.":[83],"conventional":[85],"models":[86],"cannot":[87],"reflect":[88],"complex":[90],"conditions":[92],"due":[93],"their":[95],"fixed":[96],"mathematic":[97],"formulas.":[98],"Therefore,":[99],"this":[100],"proposes":[102],"that":[107],"can":[108],"estimate":[109],"by":[113,131],"using":[114],"arm":[116],"current":[117],"improved":[125],"accuracy":[127],"more":[132],"than":[133],"7.2":[134],"times":[135],"compared":[136],"existing":[139],"method.":[140],"Moreover,":[141],"it":[142],"does":[143],"not":[144],"require":[145],"pre-processing":[146],"takes":[148],"about":[149],"4.5ms":[150],"on":[151],"average":[152],"process":[154],"100ms":[155],"data.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
