{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285167329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3188668","title":"Generation and Detection of Face Morphing Attacks","display_name":"Generation and Detection of Face Morphing Attacks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285167329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3188668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3188668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3188668","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09815237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09815237.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058787408","display_name":"Muhammad Hamza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4624-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hamza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4624-353X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037025797","display_name":"Samabia Tehsin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-0752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samabia Tehsin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-0752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057488732","display_name":"Hanen Karamti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-2692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanen Karamti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036220067","display_name":"Norah Saleh Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-6001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norah Saleh Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-6001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058787408"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6419,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91277457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"72557","last_page":"72576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.9395397901535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8530675172805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.672612726688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6336206197738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.6243029236793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5318552851676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5317992568016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.530098021030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4651203155517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4582253694534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4451929032802582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4416252672672272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.434799462556839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.41270673274993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.329357385635376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.9395397901535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8530675172805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.672612726688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6336206197738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.6243029236793518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5318552851676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5317992568016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.530098021030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4651203155517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4582253694534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4451929032802582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4416252672672272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.434799462556839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.41270673274993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.329357385635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3188668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3188668","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09815237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c9dfbc984dd4fcb9a77324c61ab997c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c9dfbc984dd4fcb9a77324c61ab997c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 72557-72576 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3188668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3188668","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09815237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6885619263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNUSR2022R192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285167329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285167329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1632241202","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W2006793117","https://openalex.org/W2010986468","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2067425370","https://openalex.org/W2069165391","https://openalex.org/W2094240913","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2296659146","https://openalex.org/W2564992459","https://openalex.org/W2738882920","https://openalex.org/W2783693055","https://openalex.org/W2803914838","https://openalex.org/W2902038035","https://openalex.org/W2913239513","https://openalex.org/W2963336095","https://openalex.org/W2971353181","https://openalex.org/W3004324868","https://openalex.org/W3009690665","https://openalex.org/W3024925547","https://openalex.org/W3025770942","https://openalex.org/W3025884774","https://openalex.org/W3035739915","https://openalex.org/W3085956106","https://openalex.org/W3120331640","https://openalex.org/W4223519356","https://openalex.org/W4287555005","https://openalex.org/W4394512833","https://openalex.org/W6630005630","https://openalex.org/W6787447543"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1679315481","https://openalex.org/W3151495635","https://openalex.org/W4385170164","https://openalex.org/W4236870338","https://openalex.org/W2016917053","https://openalex.org/W1580681114","https://openalex.org/W51472912","https://openalex.org/W4361020386","https://openalex.org/W4362722828","https://openalex.org/W2375652671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Failure":[0],"of":[1,148],"facial":[2,15],"recognition":[3,16],"and":[4,47,65,84,101,138,173],"authentication":[5],"system":[6],"may":[7],"lead":[8],"to":[9,20,70,104,127,150],"several":[10],"unlawful":[11],"activities.":[12],"The":[13,31],"current":[14],"systems":[17],"are":[18,68,109,144,156,167],"vulnerable":[19],"different":[21],"biometric":[22],"attacks.":[23],"This":[24],"research":[25,32],"focuses":[26],"on":[27],"morphing":[28,117],"attack":[29,123],"detection.":[30],"proposes":[33],"a":[34,58],"robust":[35],"detection":[36,73],"mechanism":[37],"that":[38,81,177],"can":[39,96],"deal":[40],"with":[41,57,91],"variation":[42],"in":[43,112,131],"age,":[44],"illumination,":[45],"eye":[46],"head":[48],"gears.":[49],"A":[50,75],"deep":[51],"learning":[52],"based":[53],"feature":[54,66],"extractor":[55],"along":[56],"classifier":[59],"is":[60,78,175],"adopted.":[61],"Additionally,":[62],"image":[63],"enhancement":[64],"combination":[67],"proposed":[69,179],"augment":[71],"the":[72,113,128,132,152,178],"results.":[74,183],"versatile":[76],"dataset":[77],"also":[79],"developed":[80],"contains":[82],"Morph-2":[83],"Morph-3":[85,94,107],"images,":[86],"created":[87],"by":[88],"sophisticated":[89],"tools":[90],"manual":[92],"intervention.":[93],"images":[95,108],"give":[97],"more":[98,120],"realistic":[99,121],"appearance":[100],"hence":[102],"difficult":[103],"detect.":[105],"Moreover,":[106],"not":[110],"considered":[111],"literature":[114],"before.":[115],"Professional":[116],"software":[118],"depicts":[119],"morph":[122],"scenario":[124],"as":[125],"compared":[126],"morphs":[129,149],"generated":[130],"previous":[133],"work":[134],"from":[135],"free":[136],"programs":[137],"code":[139],"scripts.":[140],"Eight":[141],"face":[142],"databases":[143,155],"used":[145],"for":[146],"creation":[147],"encompass":[151],"variation.":[153],"These":[154],"Celebrity2000,":[157],"Extended":[158],"Yale,":[159],"FEI,":[160],"FGNET,":[161],"GT-DB,":[162],"MULTI-PIE,":[163],"FERET,":[164],"FRLL.":[165],"Results":[166],"investigated":[168],"using":[169],"multiple":[170],"experimental":[171],"setups":[172],"it":[174],"concluded":[176],"methodology":[180],"gives":[181],"promising":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
