{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285191954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187287","title":"The Categorical Data Conundrum: Heuristics for Classification Problems\u2014A Case Study on Domestic Fire Injuries","display_name":"The Categorical Data Conundrum: Heuristics for Classification Problems\u2014A Case Study on Domestic Fire Injuries","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285191954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3187287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187287","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09810246.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09810246.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069380748","display_name":"Denis Reilly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-9010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Reilly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-9010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066867227","display_name":"Mark Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-426X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-426X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015808667","display_name":"Paul Fergus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-4447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Fergus","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-4447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019193550","display_name":"Carl Chalmers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl Chalmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059633042","display_name":"Steven Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6796-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9523,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90228346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"70113","last_page":"70125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9476000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9427000284194946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.9165548086166382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.9154556393623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7131881713867188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6802815198898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6161460280418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5678315162658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5050435662269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43138813972473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3854503333568573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.9165548086166382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.9154556393623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7131881713867188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6802815198898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6161460280418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5678315162658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5050435662269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43138813972473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3854503333568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3187287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187287","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09810246.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:17726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-9010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1af7482590704829b283706ef42051b6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1af7482590704829b283706ef42051b6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 70113-70125 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3187287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187287","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09810246.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285191954.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285191954.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1870794886","https://openalex.org/W2012442533","https://openalex.org/W2076983043","https://openalex.org/W2129018774","https://openalex.org/W2204085741","https://openalex.org/W2225976211","https://openalex.org/W2315502046","https://openalex.org/W2336532338","https://openalex.org/W2461005910","https://openalex.org/W2501359160","https://openalex.org/W2726091402","https://openalex.org/W2736316745","https://openalex.org/W2756291343","https://openalex.org/W2765449478","https://openalex.org/W2771169143","https://openalex.org/W2790796382","https://openalex.org/W2793643126","https://openalex.org/W2803796150","https://openalex.org/W2900040601","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2941854795","https://openalex.org/W2954052001","https://openalex.org/W2963105378","https://openalex.org/W3005999566","https://openalex.org/W3008811863","https://openalex.org/W3020873385","https://openalex.org/W3044853528","https://openalex.org/W3095469762","https://openalex.org/W3105965470","https://openalex.org/W3127123337","https://openalex.org/W3132381242","https://openalex.org/W3163667721","https://openalex.org/W3192317464","https://openalex.org/W3195971125","https://openalex.org/W4221028593","https://openalex.org/W4225291044","https://openalex.org/W4237698051","https://openalex.org/W4243072198","https://openalex.org/W4252859752","https://openalex.org/W6719069680","https://openalex.org/W6741262800","https://openalex.org/W6763801715","https://openalex.org/W6791300163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2280422768","https://openalex.org/W3143197806","https://openalex.org/W4252555497","https://openalex.org/W4386799044","https://openalex.org/W3121175838","https://openalex.org/W3016293053","https://openalex.org/W1690653314","https://openalex.org/W2401723157","https://openalex.org/W4390437797","https://openalex.org/W4312820300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,24,63,84],"is":[2,25,67],"well":[3],"developed":[4],"amongst":[5],"the":[6,58,99,162,165,182],"scientific":[7],"community":[8],"in":[9,91,101],"terms":[10],"of":[11,54,61,82,113,149,168,184,187],"theoretical":[12,55],"foundations":[13,56],"(statistics":[14],"and":[15,17,43,57,86,89,109,129,164],"algorithms)":[16],"frameworks":[18,85],"(Tensorflow,":[19],"PyTorch,":[20],"H2O).":[21],"However,":[22,65],"machine":[23,62,83],"heavily":[26],"focused":[27],"on":[28,144,190],"numerical":[29,32,40],"data,":[30],"or":[31],"data":[33,147],"mixed":[34],"with":[35,49,73,117],"some":[36],"categorical":[37,75,104,119,146],"data.":[38,120],"For":[39],"datasets,":[41,76],"scientists":[42],"engineers":[44],"can":[45],"enjoy":[46],"reasonable":[47],"success":[48],"only":[50],"a":[51,68,79,111,140,145,154,178],"limited":[52],"knowledge":[53],"inner":[59],"workings":[60],"frameworks.":[64],"it":[66],"different":[69,169,185],"story":[70],"when":[71],"dealing":[72,116],"purely":[74,103,118],"which":[77],"require":[78],"deeper":[80],"understanding":[81],"associated":[87],"encodings":[88],"algorithms":[90],"order":[92],"to":[93],"achieve":[94],"success.":[95],"This":[96],"paper":[97],"addresses":[98],"issues":[100,123],"handling":[102],"datasets":[105],"for":[106,115],"multi-classification":[107],"problems":[108],"provides":[110],"set":[112,148],"heuristics":[114,135,163],"In":[121],"particular,":[122],"such":[124],"as":[125],"pre-processing,":[126],"feature":[127],"encoding":[128,170],"algorithm":[130],"selection":[131],"are":[132,136,159],"considered.":[133],"The":[134,172],"then":[137],"demonstrated":[138],"through":[139,161,181],"case":[141,173],"study,":[142],"based":[143,189],"domestic":[150],"fire":[151],"injuries,":[152,188],"covering":[153],"10-year":[155],"period.":[156],"Novel":[157],"contributions":[158],"made":[160],"performance":[166],"analysis":[167],"techniques.":[171],"study":[174],"itself":[175],"also":[176],"makes":[177],"novel":[179],"contribution":[180],"classification":[183],"types":[186],"related":[191],"features.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
