{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4290043214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187210","title":"Get off of Chain: Unveiling Dark Web Using Multilayer Bitcoin Address Clustering","display_name":"Get off of Chain: Unveiling Dark Web Using Multilayer Bitcoin Address Clustering","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4290043214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3187210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187210","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09810218.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09810218.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340243","display_name":"Minjae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-9110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5392-9110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002707060","display_name":"Jinhee Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-4223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhee Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-4223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058681644","display_name":"Hyunsoo Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-0698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunsoo Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-0698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059902523","display_name":"Junbeom Hur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-4194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junbeom Hur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-4194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.5493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91387055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"70078","last_page":"70091"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.8005761504173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.758435845375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.6507055163383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.614409327507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.4756704866886139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4447861313819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.424544095993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39517977833747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3375493288040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20090332627296448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.14063012599945068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.8005761504173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.758435845375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.6507055163383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.614409327507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.4756704866886139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4447861313819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.424544095993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39517977833747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3375493288040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20090332627296448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.14063012599945068}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3187210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187210","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09810218.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:42fe98fd882d4879b472830321c712b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/42fe98fd882d4879b472830321c712b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 70078-70091 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3187210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3187210","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09810218.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3756510953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-0-01697","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5449881391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A6A1A13044830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6000274399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G623612411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A6A1A13044830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G727885336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A6A1A13044830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8018065544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01819","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8920881622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290043214.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4290043214.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154851090","https://openalex.org/W1454642304","https://openalex.org/W1487507364","https://openalex.org/W2011158884","https://openalex.org/W2022932831","https://openalex.org/W2080429359","https://openalex.org/W2113341218","https://openalex.org/W2127295197","https://openalex.org/W2163007546","https://openalex.org/W2289450079","https://openalex.org/W2443488742","https://openalex.org/W2565287832","https://openalex.org/W2579234806","https://openalex.org/W2591756426","https://openalex.org/W2604368635","https://openalex.org/W2606447188","https://openalex.org/W2738307629","https://openalex.org/W2741026990","https://openalex.org/W2783786631","https://openalex.org/W2794461284","https://openalex.org/W2889044571","https://openalex.org/W2923599618","https://openalex.org/W2963509939","https://openalex.org/W2987034634","https://openalex.org/W2990574514","https://openalex.org/W2996692542","https://openalex.org/W3018899851","https://openalex.org/W3095252069","https://openalex.org/W3123868249","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3215343128","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6628440492","https://openalex.org/W6693548710","https://openalex.org/W6736351400","https://openalex.org/W6741169422","https://openalex.org/W6743836554","https://openalex.org/W6793285265","https://openalex.org/W7010182310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366411693","https://openalex.org/W3211641817","https://openalex.org/W3164717803","https://openalex.org/W4389915954","https://openalex.org/W3123387860","https://openalex.org/W4291291739","https://openalex.org/W2915579847","https://openalex.org/W2994155817","https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W3115531728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0,28,41,59,116,126,175],"is":[1],"the":[2,16,33,72,81,98,130,135,168,191,202],"most":[3,34],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"cryptocurrency":[6],"for":[7,58,102],"illegal":[8,40],"trade":[9],"in":[10,39,71],"current":[11],"darknet":[12,85,109,137,169],"markets.":[13],"Owing":[14],"to":[15,47,161,208],"anonymity":[17],"of":[18,32,84,97,167],"its":[19],"addresses,":[20],"even":[21],"though":[22],"transaction":[23,42],"flows":[24],"are":[25],"globally":[26],"visible,":[27],"clustering":[29,158,197],"remains":[30],"one":[31],"challenging":[35],"and":[36,118,177,199],"open":[37],"problems":[38],"analysis.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45,49,76],"article,":[46],"resolve":[48],"problem,":[50],"we":[51,78,105],"propose":[52],"a":[53],"novel":[54],"<i>multi-layer":[55],"heuristic</i>":[56],"algorithm":[57,193],"clustering,":[60],"which":[61,150],"leverages":[62],"on-chain":[63],"transactions":[64,114],"as":[65,67],"well":[66],"off-chain":[68],"application":[69],"data":[70,99,112,172],"real":[73,174],"world.":[74],"For":[75],"purpose,":[77],"first":[79],"explored":[80],"unique":[82,125],"characteristics":[83],"market":[86,110,145,170],"ecosystems":[87],"including":[88],"their":[89],"trading":[90],"systems.":[91],"By":[92],"conducting":[93],"an":[94],"in-depth":[95],"analysis":[96],"manually":[100],"collected":[101],"11":[103],"months,":[104],"found":[106],"that":[107,190],"some":[108],"review":[111,171],"disclosed":[113,131],"containing":[115],"value":[117],"item":[119],"delivery":[120],"information.":[121],"We":[122],"then":[123],"identified":[124,155],"addresses":[127],"associated":[128,181],"with":[129,182],"information,":[132],"owned":[133],"by":[134,156,206],"same":[136],"providers.":[138],"Based":[139],"on":[140],"address":[141],"ownership,":[142],"more":[143],"accurate":[144],"clusters":[146,180],"could":[147],"be":[148],"created,":[149],"have":[151],"not":[152],"previously":[153],"been":[154],"other":[157],"algorithms.":[159],"According":[160],"our":[162],"experimental":[163],"results,":[164],"approximately":[165],"31.68&#x0025;":[166],"matched":[173],"transactions,":[176],"122":[178],"hidden":[179],"Silk":[183],"Road":[184],"4":[185],"were":[186],"found.":[187],"This":[188],"indicates":[189],"proposed":[192],"can":[194],"complement":[195],"existing":[196],"methods":[198],"significantly":[200],"reduce":[201],"false":[203],"negative":[204],"rate":[205],"up":[207],"91.7&#x0025;.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
