{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285248836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183145","title":"Automatic Test and Evaluation of Autonomous Systems","display_name":"Automatic Test and Evaluation of Autonomous Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285248836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3183145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09797293.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09797293.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082128797","display_name":"Ali Karimoddini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-6831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Karimoddini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014342711","display_name":"Mubbashar Altaf Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6938-5525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mubbashar Altaf Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025588019","display_name":"Solomon Gebreyohannes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solomon Gebreyohannes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060846900","display_name":"Mike Heiges","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482740","display_name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfrh333","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Heiges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045222523","display_name":"Ethan Trewhitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1805-777X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482740","display_name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfrh333","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Trewhitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054416654","display_name":"Abdollah Homaifar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1179-3221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdollah Homaifar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082128797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2411,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82744904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"72227","last_page":"72238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7595031261444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.5693579316139221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-testing","display_name":"System testing","score":0.5322695970535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integration-testing","display_name":"Integration testing","score":0.5112879276275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5060581564903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-under-test","display_name":"System under test","score":0.5046571493148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4955791234970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4825139045715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box-testing","display_name":"White-box testing","score":0.4561542570590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4425082802772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.43152594566345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4109264016151428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37196171283721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.34208500385284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.33960920572280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.3211228847503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2676006555557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.23840609192848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.15164855122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1410020887851715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10917168855667114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7595031261444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.5693579316139221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7166840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199682","display_name":"System testing","level":2,"score":0.5322695970535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107683887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782466","display_name":"Integration testing","level":3,"score":0.5112879276275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5060581564903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108913964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376856","display_name":"System under test","level":4,"score":0.5046571493148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4955791234970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4825139045715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.4561542570590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4425082802772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.43152594566345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4109264016151428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37196171283721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.34208500385284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.33960920572280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3211228847503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2676006555557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.23840609192848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.15164855122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1410020887851715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10917168855667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3183145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09797293.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cf1e63e4a3594e93ad12a5676ee78854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cf1e63e4a3594e93ad12a5676ee78854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 72227-72238 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3183145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183145","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09797293.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8684809675","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"183211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G997184603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1832110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337657","display_name":"Naval Air Systems Command","ror":"https://ror.org/054ajk512"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285248836.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285248836.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576825000","https://openalex.org/W1817672811","https://openalex.org/W2038023881","https://openalex.org/W2059021406","https://openalex.org/W2068523351","https://openalex.org/W2141178894","https://openalex.org/W2149416862","https://openalex.org/W2156803160","https://openalex.org/W2331796798","https://openalex.org/W2491434603","https://openalex.org/W2518851919","https://openalex.org/W2564442086","https://openalex.org/W2586878774","https://openalex.org/W2624823380","https://openalex.org/W2766734825","https://openalex.org/W2769442821","https://openalex.org/W2772227154","https://openalex.org/W2791720472","https://openalex.org/W2794917616","https://openalex.org/W2795366551","https://openalex.org/W2795485095","https://openalex.org/W2805047358","https://openalex.org/W2810385217","https://openalex.org/W2891046332","https://openalex.org/W2912493354","https://openalex.org/W2944338784","https://openalex.org/W2946159443","https://openalex.org/W2962063888","https://openalex.org/W2969459665","https://openalex.org/W2974521362","https://openalex.org/W2979854579","https://openalex.org/W2997038589","https://openalex.org/W3005683412","https://openalex.org/W3013948624","https://openalex.org/W3024567484","https://openalex.org/W3136167969","https://openalex.org/W3207576119","https://openalex.org/W4234662753","https://openalex.org/W4249749961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988901622","https://openalex.org/W2886756146","https://openalex.org/W2003200839","https://openalex.org/W2098804367","https://openalex.org/W3132885237","https://openalex.org/W1990758011","https://openalex.org/W2331368077","https://openalex.org/W2145505903","https://openalex.org/W2546577143","https://openalex.org/W2384797600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"test":[1,162],"and":[2,14,25,58,61,81,97,139],"evaluation":[3],"(T&E)":[4],"of":[5,38,55,64,78,103,111,126,156,182],"autonomous":[6,65],"systems":[7],"in":[8,130,187],"actual":[9],"settings":[10],"is":[11,48],"resource":[12],"intensive":[13],"time":[15],"exhaustive.":[16],"Simulation-based":[17],"testing,":[18],"however,":[19],"can":[20],"reduce":[21],"the":[22,30,53,59,75,79,83,92,101,131,166,179,188],"testing":[23,29,47,132,151,178],"cost":[24],"time,":[26],"allowing":[27],"for":[28,150,177],"whole":[31],"operation":[32],"envelope":[33],"through":[34],"a":[35,43,140,152],"massive":[36],"set":[37],"scenarios.":[39,113],"In":[40],"this":[41],"research,":[42],"novel":[44],"automatic":[45],"simulation-based":[46],"proposed":[49,68,115],"that":[50,148],"simultaneously":[51],"amalgamates":[52],"knowledge":[54],"domain":[56],"experts":[57],"operating":[60],"environmental":[62],"parameters":[63],"systems.":[66],"The":[67,114,169],"method":[69,116],"employs":[70],"fuzzy":[71,119],"logic":[72,120],"to":[73,86,121,160],"replace":[74],"exhaustive":[76],"activities":[77],"tester":[80],"leverages":[82],"tester’s":[84],"role":[85],"review":[87],"root-cause":[88,167],"reasoning":[89],"reports":[90,163],"about":[91],"System":[93],"Under":[94],"Test":[95],"(SUT)":[96],"focus":[98],"only":[99],"on":[100],"inspection":[102],"flagged":[104],"scenarios":[105,159],"rather":[106],"than":[107],"inspecting":[108],"all":[109,112],"instants":[110],"uses":[117],"Type-2":[118],"provide":[122],"more":[123],"robust":[124],"handling":[125],"data":[127],"uncertainties":[128],"involved":[129],"process.":[133],"An":[134],"integrated":[135],"configurable":[136],"software":[137,171],"tool":[138,172],"user-friendly":[141],"Graphical":[142],"User":[143],"Interface":[144],"(GUI)":[145],"are":[146],"developed":[147,170],"allow":[149],"single":[153],"and/or":[154],"batches":[155],"large":[157],"number":[158],"generate":[161],"along":[164],"with":[165],"analysis.":[168],"has":[173],"been":[174],"successfully":[175],"applied":[176],"perception":[180],"system":[181],"Unmanned":[183,190],"Aerial":[184],"Systems":[185,191],"(UAS)":[186],"Collaborative":[189],"Technology":[192],"Demonstrator":[193],"(CUSTD).":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}