{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285118220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183101","title":"A Novel Deep Learning Based ANPR Pipeline for Vehicle Access Control","display_name":"A Novel Deep Learning Based ANPR Pipeline for Vehicle Access Control","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285118220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3183101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183101","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09795298.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09795298.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Gufran Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2199-1013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Gufran Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2199-1013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020142590","display_name":"Salma Salma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077859320","display_name":"Maham Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-6926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maham Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-6926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080319587","display_name":"Adil Zulfiqar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1221-9769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adil Zulfiqar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091859381","display_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Al Ain University, Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Al Ain University, Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112724195","display_name":"Muhammad Adnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Adnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-7567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.1653,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92701126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"64172","last_page":"64184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.741075336933136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6834197044372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5062231421470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3772531747817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08358538150787354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.741075336933136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6834197044372559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5062231421470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3772531747817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08358538150787354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3183101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183101","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09795298.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:299b246a742643ed9dc16e3c28c4cebb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/299b246a742643ed9dc16e3c28c4cebb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 64172-64184 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3183101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183101","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09795298.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285118220.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285118220.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161209294","https://openalex.org/W2788907956","https://openalex.org/W2909145611","https://openalex.org/W2935885365","https://openalex.org/W2955593187","https://openalex.org/W2995292685","https://openalex.org/W3005948209","https://openalex.org/W3008223585","https://openalex.org/W3012921043","https://openalex.org/W3041008977","https://openalex.org/W3042202238","https://openalex.org/W3093527900","https://openalex.org/W3095075084","https://openalex.org/W3101186801","https://openalex.org/W3119329335","https://openalex.org/W3119523663","https://openalex.org/W3128588897","https://openalex.org/W3160779865","https://openalex.org/W3205705387","https://openalex.org/W4240644983","https://openalex.org/W4256224632","https://openalex.org/W4285785809","https://openalex.org/W6683839884","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6785157860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer":[0],"Vision":[1],"and":[2,32,59,81,86,89,114,151,192,267,303],"Deep":[3],"Learning":[4],"technology":[5],"are":[6],"playing":[7],"a":[8,41,52,68,75,142,166,188,199,204,224,235,239,279,292],"key":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,35,148,155],"the":[12,22,36,45,117,122,135,152,156,161,193,244,248],"development":[13],"of":[14,24,44,78,213,229],"Automatic":[15],"Number":[16],"Plate":[17],"Recognition":[18],"(ANPR)":[19],"to":[20,159,253,286],"achieve":[21],"goal":[23],"an":[25,132],"Intelligent":[26],"Transportation":[27],"System":[28],"(ITS).":[29],"ANPR":[30,95,108,218,245,276,317],"systems":[31],"pipelines":[33],"presented":[34,90,106,299],"literature":[37],"often":[38],"work":[39],"on":[40,203,263,270],"specific":[42],"layout":[43,60,147],"number":[46,103,118,162,194],"plate":[47,54,79,119,137,163,195,210],"as":[48,260],"every":[49],"region":[50],"has":[51],"unique":[53,136],"configuration,":[55],"font":[56],"style,":[57],"size,":[58],"formation.":[61],"In":[62,242],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65],"have":[66],"developed":[67,302],"smart":[69,306],"vehicle":[70,111,183,307],"access":[71,308],"control":[72],"system":[73,277],"considering":[74],"wide":[76],"variety":[77],"formations":[80],"styles":[82],"for":[83,101,182,295,305,315],"different":[84,149],"Asian":[85],"European":[87],"countries":[88],"novel":[91],"deep":[92,167,216,280],"learning":[93,168,281],"based":[94],"pipeline":[96,109,157,219,246,300],"that":[97,177],"can":[98,312],"be":[99,254,313],"used":[100],"heterogeneous":[102],"plates.":[104],"The":[105,174,207,274,298],"improved":[107],"detects":[110],"front/rear":[112,184],"view":[113,185],"subsequently":[115],"localizes":[116],"area":[120],"using":[121,165,220,247,278],"YOLOv4":[123,180],"(You":[124],"Only":[125],"Look":[126],"Once)":[127],"object":[128],"detection":[129,186],"models.":[130],"Further,":[131],"algorithm":[133],"identifies":[134],"layout,":[138],"which":[139],"is":[140,158,251,258,283,301],"either":[141],"single":[143,225,236],"or":[144,172],"double":[145],"row":[146],"countries,":[150],"last":[153],"step":[154],"recognize":[160],"label":[164],"architecture":[169,222,233],"(i.e.,":[170],"AlexNet":[171,232],"R-CNNL3).":[173],"results":[175],"show":[176],"our":[178,214],"trained":[179],"model":[181,197],"achieves":[187,198],"98.42%":[189],"mAP":[190,201],"score,":[191],"localization":[196],"99.71%":[200],"score":[202],"0.50":[205],"threshold.":[206],"overall":[208],"average":[209],"recognition":[211,227],"accuracy":[212,228],"proposed":[215,275],"learning-based":[217],"R-CNNL3":[221],"achieved":[223],"character":[226,237],"96%,":[230],"while":[231,256],"recognized":[234],"with":[238],"98%":[240],"accuracy.":[241],"contrast,":[243],"OCR":[249],"method":[250],"found":[252],"90.94%,":[255],"latency":[257],"computed":[259],"0.99":[261],"s/frame":[262,269],"Core":[264],"i5":[265],"CPU":[266],"0.42":[268],"RTX":[271],"2060":[272],"GPU.":[273],"approach":[282],"preferred":[284],"due":[285],"better":[287],"accuracy,":[288],"but":[289,310],"it":[290,311],"requires":[291],"high-performance":[293],"GPU":[294],"real-time":[296],"implementation.":[297],"implemented":[304],"control,":[309],"deployed":[314],"any":[316],"application.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
