{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285109106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182236","title":"An Empirical Study of the Stochastic Nature of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"An Empirical Study of the Stochastic Nature of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285109106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3182236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182236","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09794655.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09794655.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074677171","display_name":"Fabien H\u00e9liot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-3435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabien Heliot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), 5GIC and 6GIC, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-3435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), 5GIC and 6GIC, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089089289","display_name":"Tian Hong Loh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-2659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Hong Loh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-2659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034245670","display_name":"David Cheadle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-2321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Cheadle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-2321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071491854","display_name":"Yunsong Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunsong Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068049327","display_name":"Michael Dieudonn\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8134-4029"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Dieudonne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keysight Technologies Belgium, Rotselaar, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keysight Technologies Belgium, Rotselaar, Belgium","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0751,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91063596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"63100","last_page":"63112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6334831118583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-field","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","score":0.5785802602767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4853428900241852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4146645963191986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2640684247016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23181524872779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1576954424381256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6334831118583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.5785802602767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4853428900241852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4146645963191986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2640684247016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23181524872779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1576954424381256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3182236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182236","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09794655.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a32c692139b7490ba7a041d3018547b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a32c692139b7490ba7a041d3018547b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 63100-63112 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3182236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182236","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09794655.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7876502889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18SIP02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313458","funder_display_name":"European Association of National Metrology Institutes"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313458","display_name":"European Association of National Metrology Institutes","ror":"https://ror.org/03csrq586"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321979","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285109106.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285109106.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530170171","https://openalex.org/W2755151224","https://openalex.org/W2891431198","https://openalex.org/W2930212522","https://openalex.org/W2946531235","https://openalex.org/W2998228057","https://openalex.org/W3003321968","https://openalex.org/W3041890314","https://openalex.org/W3046428634","https://openalex.org/W3123818791","https://openalex.org/W3163562881","https://openalex.org/W3172570850","https://openalex.org/W4200312421","https://openalex.org/W4205556338","https://openalex.org/W6747791928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W3205650716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Base":[0],"stations":[1],"(BSs)":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4,25,88,235],"the":[5,12,26,29,89,122,139,157,161,165,170,176,179,189,195,206,211,216,223,245],"massive":[6],"multiple-input":[7],"multiple-output":[8],"(mMIMO)":[9],"technology":[10,20],"in":[11,34,250,260],"fifth":[13],"generation":[14],"of":[15,28,51,66,91,100,127,164,182,188,197,215,218,226,247],"mobile":[16],"networks":[17],"(5G).":[18],"A":[19,130],"having":[21],"a":[22,41,72,111,201],"major":[23],"impact":[24,87],"nature":[27,181],"electromagnetic":[30],"field":[31],"(EMF)":[32],"exposure":[33,70,98,107,141,150,166,190,207,255],"such":[35],"systems.":[36],"This":[37],"work":[38],"has":[39,133],"used":[40],"fully":[42],"reconfigurable":[43],"mMIMO":[44],"testbed":[45,102],"(operating":[46,116],"at":[47,117],"2.63":[48],"GHz),":[49],"capable":[50],"mimicking":[52],"realistic":[53],"5G":[54,67,95,114,183,227,248],"new":[55],"radio":[56],"(NR)":[57],"BS":[58,68,115,184,228,249],"beamforming":[59],"performance,":[60],"to":[61,76,83,120,136,156,169,192,243],"first":[62],"gather":[63],"experimental-based":[64],"evidence":[65],"EMF":[69,140,254],"within":[71],"real-world":[73],"outdoor":[74],"environment,":[75,177],"then":[77],"analyze":[78],"its":[79,86,231],"stochastic":[80,180],"behaviour,":[81],"and":[82,125,145],"finally":[84],"understand":[85],"definition":[90,233],"exclusion":[92,224],"boundaries":[93],"for":[94,200,258],"BSs.":[96],"The":[97,186],"data":[99,108,144],"our":[101,128],"have":[103],"been":[104,134],"complemented":[105],"by":[106],"collected":[109],"from":[110],"typical":[112],"commercial":[113],"3.65":[118],"GHz)":[119],"confirm":[121],"result":[123],"trends":[124],"findings":[126],"analysis.":[129],"robust":[131],"metrology":[132],"followed":[135],"obtain":[137],"all":[138],"data.":[142],"Our":[143],"analysis":[146],"indicate":[147],"that":[148],"significant":[149],"variations":[151],"can":[152],"be":[153],"noticed":[154],"according":[155],"beam":[158,171],"directions,":[159],"i.e.":[160],"relative":[162],"position":[163],"measurement":[167],"location":[168],"directions":[172],"as":[173,175,194,222,257],"well":[174],"confirming":[178],"exposure.":[185],"variance":[187],"tends":[191],"decrease":[193],"number":[196,217],"users":[198],"increase":[199],"constant":[202],"traffic":[203,212],"load.":[204],"Whereas":[205],"grows":[208],"sub-linearly":[209],"with":[210,252],"load,":[213],"regardless":[214],"users.":[219],"As":[220],"far":[221],"boundary":[225],"is":[229],"concerned,":[230],"revised":[232],"based":[234],"95-th":[236],"percentile":[237],"seems":[238],"still":[239],"not":[240],"flexible":[241],"enough":[242],"accommodate":[244],"deployment":[246],"countries/places":[251],"stringent":[253],"limits,":[256],"instance":[259],"Belgium.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}