{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285298217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182103","title":"Design of QR-Coded Metasurfaces for RCS Reduction at mmWave","display_name":"Design of QR-Coded Metasurfaces for RCS Reduction at mmWave","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285298217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3182103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09793653.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09793653.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002680572","display_name":"Mustafa K. Taher Al\u2010Nuaimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7876-616X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14894300","display_name":"Foshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xvvvp28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa K. Taher Al-Nuaimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of AI-Guangdong and Taiwan, Foshan University, Foshan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7876-616X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of AI-Guangdong and Taiwan, Foshan University, Foshan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079256599","display_name":"William G. Whittow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-8014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William G. Whittow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-8014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":14.6287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98419472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"66267","last_page":"66272"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-cross-section","display_name":"Radar cross-section","score":0.6434452533721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5998756885528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5741539001464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5266497135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.47987690567970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.42719390988349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41332727670669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38035833835601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.36024197936058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.35704413056373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.34700727462768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17216068506240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15711408853530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13338050246238708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.6434452533721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5998756885528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5741539001464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5266497135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47987690567970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.42719390988349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41332727670669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38035833835601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.36024197936058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.35704413056373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.34700727462768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17216068506240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15711408853530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13338050246238708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3182103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09793653.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce7488d7b71e43afab0c1bd7df578b08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce7488d7b71e43afab0c1bd7df578b08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 66267-66272 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/20055656","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Design_of_QR-coded_metasurfaces_for_RCS_reduction_at_mmWave/20055656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3182103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3182103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09793653.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3213336691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S030301/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6863772526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S030301/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285298217.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285298217.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996060838","https://openalex.org/W2033359347","https://openalex.org/W2038821639","https://openalex.org/W2053905548","https://openalex.org/W2082432933","https://openalex.org/W2156831229","https://openalex.org/W2217897795","https://openalex.org/W2255041560","https://openalex.org/W2436978775","https://openalex.org/W2513115954","https://openalex.org/W2536637700","https://openalex.org/W2600647254","https://openalex.org/W2621237062","https://openalex.org/W2725255555","https://openalex.org/W2766437136","https://openalex.org/W2791661586","https://openalex.org/W2883368181","https://openalex.org/W2907099551","https://openalex.org/W2955003276","https://openalex.org/W2955904697","https://openalex.org/W2971266430","https://openalex.org/W2974640911","https://openalex.org/W3010645164","https://openalex.org/W3083145722","https://openalex.org/W3143910385","https://openalex.org/W4247560626","https://openalex.org/W4285155035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165907643","https://openalex.org/W2022672394","https://openalex.org/W4386596916","https://openalex.org/W3019402777","https://openalex.org/W2031835531","https://openalex.org/W2388590088","https://openalex.org/W1969166468","https://openalex.org/W2021786798","https://openalex.org/W3168129058","https://openalex.org/W3094505422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,32,54,71,106,135,138,142,175,185,191,204,228],"design":[4],"of":[5,70,141,172,217,230],"1-bit":[6,26,82],"metasurfaces":[7,27,73,96,109,126,189],"for":[8,34,64,200],"radar":[9],"cross":[10],"section":[11],"(RCS)":[12],"reduction":[13,69,119,152,165],"over":[14,174,203],"wide":[15],"frequency":[16,177,205],"band":[17],"from":[18,207],"60":[19,208],"GHz":[20,209,212],"to":[21,52,169,210],"120":[22,211],"GHz.":[23],"The":[24,59,179,219],"proposed":[25,72,186,220],"can":[28],"be":[29],"designed":[30,148],"without":[31],"need":[33],"any":[35],"complicated":[36],"optimization":[37],"algorithms":[38,42,47],"such":[39],"as":[40,137],"genetic":[41],"(GA)":[43],"or":[44,49,158],"particle":[45],"swarm":[46],"(PSO),":[48],"time-consuming":[50],"simulations":[51],"achieve":[53],"optimized":[55],"phase":[56,60,131],"distribution":[57,61],"map.":[58],"maps":[62],"required":[63],"more":[65,115,161,197],"than":[66,116,162,198],"10-dB":[67,117,163,199],"RCS":[68,118,151,164,195],"were":[74,147,154],"generated":[75],"using":[76],"two-dimensional":[77],"(2D)":[78],"quick":[79],"response":[80],"(QR)":[81],"generator":[83],"in":[84,113],"MATLAB":[85],"which":[86],"are":[87,110],"fast":[88,225],"and":[89,145,149,181,194,224,226],"efficient.":[90],"After":[91],"we":[92],"carefully":[93],"studied":[94],"several":[95],"with":[97,120,127],"various":[98],"2D":[99],"QR":[100,107,139,187],"codes,":[101],"it":[102],"was":[103],"found":[104],"that":[105],"coded":[108,188],"very":[111],"powerful":[112,223],"achieving":[114],"low-level":[121],"diffusive":[122],"scattering":[123],"patterns.":[124],"Two":[125],"their":[128,150],"unit":[129],"cells":[130],"distributions":[132],"being":[133],"exactly":[134],"same":[136],"codes":[140],"words":[143],"“IEEE”":[144],"“Metasurface”":[146],"characteristics":[153],"investigated.":[155],"For":[156],"off-normal":[157],"oblique":[159],"incidence,":[160],"is":[166,222],"preserved":[167],"up":[168],"incident":[170],"angles":[171],"60°":[173],"entire":[176],"band.":[178],"simulation":[180],"measured":[182],"results":[183],"show":[184],"reduce":[190],"backscattered":[192],"energies":[193],"by":[196],"different":[201],"polarizations":[202],"range":[206],"yielding":[213],"a":[214],"fractional":[215],"bandwidth":[216],"66.7%.":[218],"approach":[221],"makes":[227],"realization":[229],"coding":[231],"metasurface":[232],"much":[233],"easier.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2022-07-14T00:00:00"}