{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285160322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3178701","title":"A Method for Quantifying Stiffness of Ankle-Foot Orthoses Through Motion Capture and Optimization Algorithm","display_name":"A Method for Quantifying Stiffness of Ankle-Foot Orthoses Through Motion Capture and Optimization Algorithm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285160322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3178701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3178701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3178701","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09784830.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09784830.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041154888","display_name":"Sepehr Ramezani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-2446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sepehr Ramezani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9053-2446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113573563","display_name":"Brian B. Brady","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Brady","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2144-2214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025962816","display_name":"Hogene Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9624-6096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141090","display_name":"National Rehabilitation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04yt6jn66","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141090"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hogene Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Rehabilitation Center, Pyeongtaek, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9624-6096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Rehabilitation Center, Pyeongtaek, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112252726","display_name":"Michael K. Carroll","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133754","display_name":"Orlando VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0428ha587","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210119004","https://openalex.org/I4210133754"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael K. Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Orlando VA Healthcare System, Orlando, Fl, 32827 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-3250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Orlando VA Healthcare System, Orlando, Fl, 32827 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133754"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049017196","display_name":"Hwan Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3592-5762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hwan Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3592-5762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049017196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4087,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54063163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"58930","last_page":"58937"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11097","display_name":"Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.7970849275588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ankle","display_name":"Ankle","score":0.5459372997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5217084288597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5138719081878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-reaction-force","display_name":"Ground reaction force","score":0.4536021947860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.3889316916465759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3856161832809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.36406081914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21878379583358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1842447817325592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.7970849275588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778640784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002","display_name":"Ankle","level":2,"score":0.5459372997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5217084288597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5138719081878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96332660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610971","display_name":"Ground reaction force","level":3,"score":0.4536021947860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.3889316916465759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3856161832809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.36406081914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21878379583358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1842447817325592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3178701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3178701","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09784830.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdb7bd6d00a84cb7adb5b03b347e4dff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdb7bd6d00a84cb7adb5b03b347e4dff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 58930-58937 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3178701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3178701","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09784830.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322057","display_name":"National Rehabilitation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04yt6jn66"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285160322.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285160322.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56179198","https://openalex.org/W1971013930","https://openalex.org/W1976953979","https://openalex.org/W1982713024","https://openalex.org/W2016456029","https://openalex.org/W2016678081","https://openalex.org/W2021535577","https://openalex.org/W2032175616","https://openalex.org/W2091881302","https://openalex.org/W2103999620","https://openalex.org/W2116930230","https://openalex.org/W2118000461","https://openalex.org/W2124537991","https://openalex.org/W2130281033","https://openalex.org/W2143754597","https://openalex.org/W2165882299","https://openalex.org/W2188665929","https://openalex.org/W2259370287","https://openalex.org/W2353267094","https://openalex.org/W2514991383","https://openalex.org/W2616305484","https://openalex.org/W2760762064","https://openalex.org/W2763864111","https://openalex.org/W2792454601","https://openalex.org/W2794504708","https://openalex.org/W2853084201","https://openalex.org/W2886474652","https://openalex.org/W2890293559","https://openalex.org/W2910166278","https://openalex.org/W2914660326","https://openalex.org/W2951865294","https://openalex.org/W2980581851","https://openalex.org/W3129432004","https://openalex.org/W3179397916","https://openalex.org/W3187065020","https://openalex.org/W4223907058","https://openalex.org/W4251683838"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789522126","https://openalex.org/W2066693961","https://openalex.org/W2368363778","https://openalex.org/W122584421","https://openalex.org/W4244295168","https://openalex.org/W2753351751","https://openalex.org/W3185180338","https://openalex.org/W2889348933","https://openalex.org/W2351643838","https://openalex.org/W3033677963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adjustments":[0],"of":[1,43,180,212,238],"Ankle-Foot":[2],"Orthosis":[3],"(AFO)":[4],"stiffness":[5,23,32,81,113,197,204,223,233,251,282],"is":[6,18,285],"commonly":[7],"prescribed":[8],"for":[9],"people":[10],"with":[11,75,111,171,231,272],"neurologically":[12],"impaired":[13],"to":[14,20,25,85,95,125,127,142,176,209,235,274,287,295],"improve":[15],"walking.":[16],"It":[17],"important":[19,286],"quantify":[21],"AFO":[22,31,74,97,110,129,150,162,174,214,222,240,281,301],"levels":[24],"provide":[26],"consistent":[27],"patient-specific":[28,291],"settings.":[29],"Current":[30],"measurement":[33],"methods":[34],"require":[35,300],"bulky,":[36],"complex":[37],"designs,":[38],"and":[39,68,105,148,170,192,249,267,279,293],"often":[40],"permanent":[41],"modification":[42],"the":[44,52,87,96,109,149,154,167,178,199,210,213,217,221,236,247,257,264],"AFO.":[45],"To":[46],"address":[47],"these":[48],"issues,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"Ankle":[53],"Assistive":[54],"Device":[55],"Stiffness":[56],"(AADS)":[57],"test":[58,89,185,201,227,239,259],"method,":[59],"a":[60,136,275],"simple":[61],"design":[62],"jig":[63],"using":[64,132],"motion":[65],"capture":[66],"system":[67],"musculoskeletal":[69],"analysis":[70],"software":[71],"(OpenSim).":[72],"An":[73],"three":[76],"different":[77,265],"but":[78],"known":[79],"dorsiflexion":[80,130],"settings":[82],"was":[83,100,140,228,252],"installed":[84],"verify":[86],"AADS":[88,181,184,200,226,258,269],"method.":[90],"Reflective":[91],"markers":[92],"were":[93,123,164,187],"attached":[94],"while":[98],"it":[99],"placed":[101],"on":[102],"force":[103,159],"plates":[104],"four":[106],"operators":[107,147,266],"dorsiflexed":[108],"each":[112],"condition,":[114],"five":[115],"times":[116],"each.":[117],"The":[118,183,242],"collected":[119,156],"marker":[120],"trajectory":[121],"data":[122],"imported":[124],"OpenSim":[126],"calculate":[128],"angle":[131],"inverse":[133],"kinematics.":[134],"Then":[135],"static":[137],"optimization":[138],"algorithm":[139],"used":[141],"identify":[143],"external":[144],"forces":[145],"from":[146],"torque":[151],"best":[152],"matching":[153],"experimentally":[155],"ground":[157],"reaction":[158],"data.":[160],"Estimated":[161],"moments":[163,175],"compared":[165,230],"within":[166,253],"operators’":[168],"trials":[169,191],"theoretically":[172],"calculated":[173],"evaluate":[177],"accuracy":[179],"tests.":[182],"results":[186,207],"repeatable":[188],"through":[189],"multiple":[190],"across":[193],"operators.":[194],"In":[195],"low":[196],"conditions,":[198],"had":[202,260],"greater":[203],"than":[205],"actual":[206,232],"due":[208,234],"friction":[211],"joint.":[215],"As":[216],"spring":[218],"strength":[219],"increased,":[220],"measured":[224],"by":[225],"lower":[229],"deformation":[237],"shells.":[241],"overall":[243],"percent":[244],"error":[245],"between":[246],"theoretical":[248],"experimental":[250],"±":[254],"6%.":[255],"Moreover,":[256],"high":[261],"precision":[262],"among":[263],"trials.":[268],"allows":[270],"anyone":[271],"access":[273],"gait":[276],"lab":[277],"quick":[278],"reliable":[280],"quantification.":[283],"This":[284],"clinical":[288],"practices,":[289],"supporting":[290],"prescription":[292],"contributing":[294],"future":[296],"research":[297],"studies":[298],"that":[299],"stiffness.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}