{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285178158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3177201","title":"Cost Effective Soft Sensing for Wastewater Treatment Facilities","display_name":"Cost Effective Soft Sensing for Wastewater Treatment Facilities","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285178158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3177201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3177201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3177201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3177201","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032891017","display_name":"Maira Alvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-5789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maira Alvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-5789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030763134","display_name":"Tim French","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-8040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim French","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-8040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037889355","display_name":"Rachel Cardell\u2010Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0590-1003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Cardell-Oliver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0590-1003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062693566","display_name":"Philip Keymer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1287-3397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Keymer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1287-3397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027338315","display_name":"Andrew Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-9426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","Urban Utilities Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0038-9426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Utilities Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032891017"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.2758,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92161825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"55694","last_page":"55708"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wastewater","display_name":"Wastewater","score":0.5846799612045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5652996897697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5038487315177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-sensor","display_name":"Soft sensor","score":0.46021947264671326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42969298362731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38732320070266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.296625018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19333875179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.12284418940544128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.5846799612045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5652996897697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5038487315177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115575686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822403","display_name":"Soft sensor","level":3,"score":0.46021947264671326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42969298362731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38732320070266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.296625018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19333875179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.12284418940544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3177201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3177201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/12b25c89-ea7a-42f6-b33d-6c93d5ad092a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://admin.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/12b25c89-ea7a-42f6-b33d-6c93d5ad092a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alvi, M, French, T, Cardell-Oliver, R, Keymer, P & Ward, A 2022, 'Cost Effective Soft Sensing for Wastewater Treatment Facilities', IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 55694-55708. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3177201","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/12b25c89-ea7a-42f6-b33d-6c93d5ad092a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/12b25c89-ea7a-42f6-b33d-6c93d5ad092a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alvi , M , French , T , Cardell-Oliver , R , Keymer , P &amp; Ward , A 2022 , ' Cost Effective Soft Sensing for Wastewater Treatment Facilities ' , IEEE Access , vol. 10 , pp. 55694-55708 . https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3177201","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c6aaeec466c41baa4d7fef4058daf4a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c6aaeec466c41baa4d7fef4058daf4a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 55694-55708 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3177201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3177201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63913713","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1572738933","https://openalex.org/W1969108904","https://openalex.org/W1999869182","https://openalex.org/W2000651380","https://openalex.org/W2009361189","https://openalex.org/W2015051564","https://openalex.org/W2025907152","https://openalex.org/W2028393179","https://openalex.org/W2038212585","https://openalex.org/W2049125224","https://openalex.org/W2057550180","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067336855","https://openalex.org/W2069143585","https://openalex.org/W2071214038","https://openalex.org/W2073503722","https://openalex.org/W2077244702","https://openalex.org/W2085281262","https://openalex.org/W2089727964","https://openalex.org/W2093584539","https://openalex.org/W2104157166","https://openalex.org/W2108214917","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2141442710","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2154642048","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2479755133","https://openalex.org/W2512314569","https://openalex.org/W2520634214","https://openalex.org/W2534400386","https://openalex.org/W2572219278","https://openalex.org/W2791001464","https://openalex.org/W2884228249","https://openalex.org/W2891772212","https://openalex.org/W2913017558","https://openalex.org/W2918446156","https://openalex.org/W2920714358","https://openalex.org/W2924347204","https://openalex.org/W2951472478","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2974296449","https://openalex.org/W2984074761","https://openalex.org/W3003626942","https://openalex.org/W3022643593","https://openalex.org/W3033828772","https://openalex.org/W3093007897","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W3111764306","https://openalex.org/W3132782787","https://openalex.org/W3133972719","https://openalex.org/W3134027543","https://openalex.org/W3175615720","https://openalex.org/W3177678475","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6755068953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261","https://openalex.org/W4387297750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wastewater":[0],"treatment":[1,25,68,185,272],"plants":[2,26],"are":[3,20,80,98],"complex,":[4],"non-linear,":[5],"engineered":[6],"systems":[7,19],"of":[8,37,42,67,169,176,253,268,281],"physical,":[9],"biological":[10],"and":[11,33,70,113,191,215,221,229,240],"chemical":[12],"processes":[13],"operating":[14],"at":[15,83],"different":[16],"timescales.":[17],"Sensor":[18],"used":[21],"to":[22,29,156,166,209,226,248,274],"monitor":[23],"wastewater":[24,45,121,184,271],"in":[27,74,278],"order":[28],"ensure":[30],"public":[31],"safety":[32],"for":[34,44,119,136,140,237],"efficient":[35],"management":[36],"the":[38,107,174,205,242,254,276,279],"plants.":[39],"However,":[40],"parameters":[41],"interest":[43],"can":[46,114],"require":[47,54],"expensive":[48,82,120],"or":[49,52],"inaccurate":[50],"sensors":[51,79,97,112,122,139],"may":[53],"off-site":[55],"laboratory":[56],"analysis.":[57],"For":[58],"example,":[59],"ammonium":[60,78,228],"is":[61,71,246],"important":[62],"as":[63,124],"a":[64,116,131,183,198,212,223,269],"prime":[65],"indicator":[66],"efficiency":[69],"highly":[72],"regulated":[73],"discharge":[75],"water.":[76],"But":[77],"also":[81],"over":[84],"<inline-formula":[85],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[87],"<tex-math":[88],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\$":[89],"$":[90],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[91],"10,000":[92],"(AUD)":[93],"per":[94],"sensor.":[95],"Soft":[96],"computational":[99],"models":[100],"that":[101,203,241],"accurately":[102],"estimate":[103],"process":[104],"variables":[105],"using":[106,179],"measurements":[108],"from":[109,182,211],"few":[110],"physical":[111],"offer":[115],"cost-effective":[117],"substitute":[118],"such":[123],"ammonium.":[125],"In":[126],"this":[127],"paper,":[128],"we":[129,196,261],"propose":[130,197],"hybrid":[132],"neural":[133],"network":[134,144],"architecture":[135,145],"learning":[137,168,207],"soft":[138,224,243,282],"complex":[141,250],"phenomena.":[142],"Our":[143,233],"fuses":[146],"sequential":[147],"modelling":[148],"with":[149,160,187],"Gated":[150],"Recurrent":[151],"Neural":[152,162],"Network":[153,163],"units":[154],"(GRUs)":[155],"capture":[157,249],"global":[158],"trends,":[159],"Convolution":[161],"(CNN)":[164],"kernels":[165],"facilitate":[167],"local":[170],"behaviours.":[171],"We":[172,219],"demonstrate":[173,235],"effectiveness":[175],"our":[177],"technique":[178],"real-world":[180],"data":[181,200,214,266],"plant":[186,273],"two-stage":[188],"high-rate":[189,192],"anaerobic":[190],"algal":[193],"treatments.":[194],"Secondly,":[195],"novel":[199],"preparation":[201],"algorithm":[202],"enables":[204],"deep":[206],"techniques":[208],"learn":[210,222],"limited":[213],"facilitates":[216],"fair":[217],"evaluation.":[218],"develop":[220],"sensor":[225,244,257],"predict":[227],"study":[230],"its":[231],"generalization.":[232],"results":[234],"fit":[236],"purpose":[238],"accuracy":[239],"model":[245],"able":[247],"temporal":[251],"patterns":[252],"ground":[255],"truth":[256],"time":[258],"series.":[259],"Finally,":[260],"publicly":[262],"release":[263],"an":[264],"annotated":[265],"set":[267],"secondary":[270],"accelerate":[275],"research":[277],"development":[280],"sensors.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
