{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285211528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3176349","title":"Function Virtualization Can Play a Great Role in Blockchain Consensus","display_name":"Function Virtualization Can Play a Great Role in Blockchain Consensus","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285211528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3176349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3176349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3176349","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09777983.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09777983.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384769","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6005-2545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["30th Research Institute of China Electronic Technology Group Corporation, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"30th Research Institute of China Electronic Technology Group Corporation, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077974983","display_name":"Jiang Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135905480","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132249760","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Rizal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2mxy57","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132249760"]}],"countries":["CN","PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong City, Philippines","International Business and Management Institute, Shanghai SIPO Polytechnic, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong City, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132249760"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Business and Management Institute, Shanghai SIPO Polytechnic, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419543","display_name":"Minghui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4888-3981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092267","display_name":"Guangdong Industry Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/00dre6z66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092267"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Innovative Technical College, Dongguan, China","School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Innovative Technical College, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Innovative Technical College, Dongguan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Innovative Technical College, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050948606","display_name":"Iqbal Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0361-481X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086710","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003ayef58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115515","display_name":"Nanyang Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0203c2755","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115515"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iqbal Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nan Yang Academy of Sciences (NASS), Beijing, China","Nanyang Academy of Sciences (NASS), Beijing, 102400, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nan Yang Academy of Sciences (NASS), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Academy of Sciences (NASS), Beijing, 102400, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071555731","display_name":"Sujit Biswas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144275","display_name":"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxvyy35","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}],"countries":["BD","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujit Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Surrey, UK and Computer Science and Engineering Department, Faridpur Engineering College, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Surrey, UK and Computer Science and Engineering Department, Faridpur Engineering College, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100384769"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5678,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67564835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"59862","last_page":"59877"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8284655213356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6002828478813171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5312799215316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5160526633262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.49117180705070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4729616045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.45396244525909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4518919289112091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.4454171657562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3298966884613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.2870461344718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28255295753479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1372736096382141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8284655213356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6002828478813171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5312799215316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5160526633262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.49117180705070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4729616045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.45396244525909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4518919289112091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.4454171657562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3298966884613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.2870461344718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28255295753479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1372736096382141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3176349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3176349","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09777983.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:32138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/sujit=2Ebiswas.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cda4d128fb7c423780347ea52d67545e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cda4d128fb7c423780347ea52d67545e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 59862-59877 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3176349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3176349","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09777983.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285211528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285211528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1820692873","https://openalex.org/W2010936689","https://openalex.org/W2011581550","https://openalex.org/W2023822502","https://openalex.org/W2073765234","https://openalex.org/W2089657212","https://openalex.org/W2119598581","https://openalex.org/W2129763443","https://openalex.org/W2150516182","https://openalex.org/W2344695221","https://openalex.org/W2465219533","https://openalex.org/W2476816006","https://openalex.org/W2483188830","https://openalex.org/W2500898769","https://openalex.org/W2516316490","https://openalex.org/W2580038204","https://openalex.org/W2590261431","https://openalex.org/W2593769694","https://openalex.org/W2596916221","https://openalex.org/W2615459164","https://openalex.org/W2641990852","https://openalex.org/W2766409875","https://openalex.org/W2767136914","https://openalex.org/W2795382826","https://openalex.org/W2797816609","https://openalex.org/W2802340657","https://openalex.org/W2809555313","https://openalex.org/W2883730160","https://openalex.org/W2884178146","https://openalex.org/W2895570089","https://openalex.org/W2895811154","https://openalex.org/W2895926108","https://openalex.org/W2897066997","https://openalex.org/W2897748361","https://openalex.org/W2899509729","https://openalex.org/W2902734820","https://openalex.org/W2903713624","https://openalex.org/W2918613804","https://openalex.org/W2923919516","https://openalex.org/W2942155107","https://openalex.org/W2963334314","https://openalex.org/W2964054168","https://openalex.org/W2964077788","https://openalex.org/W2964125711","https://openalex.org/W3012143974","https://openalex.org/W3038895435","https://openalex.org/W3091788338","https://openalex.org/W3106436643"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485627940","https://openalex.org/W4283067488","https://openalex.org/W2128291817","https://openalex.org/W4200095813","https://openalex.org/W2095895343","https://openalex.org/W2170281383","https://openalex.org/W3112443690","https://openalex.org/W2085452000","https://openalex.org/W2166512698","https://openalex.org/W2803807674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0],"introduced":[1],"a":[2,5,14,33,39,56,60,62,119],"cryptocurrency":[3],"as":[4],"form":[6],"of":[7,52,90,127,162,216,290],"public":[8],"ledger":[9],"consequently":[10],"that":[11,73,85,138,158,252],"turned":[12],"into":[13,268],"most":[15],"popular":[16],"security":[17,27],"technology,":[18],"Blockchain.":[19],"Its":[20],"integrated":[21],"mining":[22,35,129,258,296],"technology":[23,200,208],"lies":[24],"the":[25,79,125,177,180,213,245,285],"key":[26],"mechanism.":[28],"The":[29,194,294],"system":[30],"allows":[31],"forming":[32],"pool":[34,192],"group":[36],"to":[37,46,170,201,211,223,240,279,283],"solve":[38,224],"particular":[40],"job":[41],"and":[42,102,182,204,232,276,287,301],"share":[43],"their":[44,47,172],"revenues":[45],"CPU":[48,173],"usage":[49,174],"while":[50],"one":[51],"them":[53,278],"successfully":[54],"mines":[55],"block.":[57],"To":[58,147],"mine":[59],"block,":[61],"cryptographic":[63],"puzzle":[64],"should":[65],"be":[66],"solved,":[67],"which":[68,123],"requires":[69],"significant":[70],"compute":[71],"resources":[72],"cause":[74],"huge":[75],"energy":[76,101,242,288],"consumption.":[77],"On":[78],"other":[80],"hand,":[81],"recent":[82],"statistics":[83],"show":[84,251],"low":[86,100],"computational":[87],"energy-restricted":[88],"Internet":[89],"Things":[91],"(IoT)":[92],"devices":[93,141,169],"are":[94,142,221],"increasing":[95],"exponentially.":[96],"Although":[97],"it":[98,106,112],"has":[99],"limited":[103],"computation":[104,130,230,266],"power,":[105],"is":[107,113,187,209,239,298],"large":[108],"in":[109,262],"quantity":[110],"when":[111],"integrated.":[114],"So":[115],"we":[116,152],"focus":[117],"on":[118],"stochastic":[120],"geometry":[121],"theory,":[122],"resolves":[124],"issue":[126],"block":[128,257],"via":[131],"utilizing":[132],"multiple":[133,225],"mobile":[134],"IoT":[135,140,168,263],"devices,":[136,264],"given":[137,246],"these":[139],"Computation":[143],"Capable":[144],"Nodes":[145],"(CCNs).":[146],"further":[148],"normalize":[149],"this":[150],"issue,":[151],"propose":[153],"an":[154],"efficient":[155,300],"mathematical":[156],"solution":[157],"uses":[159],"smart":[160],"coordination":[161],"Virtual":[163],"Network":[164,197],"Functions":[165],"(VNFs)":[166],"for":[167,256],"enable":[171,212],"efficiently.":[175],"At":[176],"same":[178],"time,":[179],"work":[181,233,267],"credit":[183,234],"point":[184,235],"distribution":[185],"policy":[186],"smartly":[188],"handled":[189],"through":[190],"virtual":[191,254],"mining.":[193],"proposal":[195],"renders":[196],"Function":[198,206],"Virtualization":[199],"configure":[202],"VNF,":[203,275],"Service":[205],"Chain":[207],"utilized":[210],"network":[214],"flow":[215],"such":[217],"VNFs.":[218],"New":[219],"algorithms":[220],"presented":[222],"issues":[226],"like":[227],"node":[228],"discovery,":[229],"offloading,":[231],"distribution.":[236],"Our":[237],"goal":[238],"minimize":[241,284],"consumption":[243,289],"within":[244],"time":[247],"constraint.":[248],"Implementation":[249],"results":[250],"although":[253],"functions":[255],"require":[259],"extensive":[260],"computations":[261],"dividing":[265],"small":[269],"fractions":[270],"called":[271],"tasks":[272],"embedded":[273],"with":[274],"offloading":[277],"nearby":[280],"CCNs,":[281],"tend":[282],"cost":[286],"individual":[291],"shared":[292],"miners.":[293],"overall":[295],"process":[297],"proved":[299],"faster.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}