{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048770382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3172945","title":"WAFFLe: Weight Anonymized Factorization for Federated Learning","display_name":"WAFFLe: Weight Anonymized Factorization for Federated Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048770382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3172945","mag":"3048770382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3172945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3172945","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09770028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09770028.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101711951","display_name":"Weituo Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-9236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weituo Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-9236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103098792","display_name":"Nikhil Mehta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7277-8466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Mehta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061499526","display_name":"Kevin J Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0221-9108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin J. Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0221-9108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038132023","display_name":"Pengyu Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengyu Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022805456","display_name":"Mostafa El\u2010Khamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-6037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa El-Khamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["SOC Research and Development, Samsung Semiconductor Incorporation (SSI), San Diego, CA, USA","SOC Research and Development, Samsung Semiconductor Inc. (SSI), San Diego, CA 92121, USA and Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOC Research and Development, Samsung Semiconductor Incorporation (SSI), San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOC Research and Development, Samsung Semiconductor Inc. (SSI), San Diego, CA 92121, USA and Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016448581","display_name":"Lawrence Carin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-7948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Carin","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84991161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"49207","last_page":"49218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.9301255345344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8498457670211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.7844225764274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5292184948921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4794441759586334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4767478406429291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4562062919139862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45538783073425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43982934951782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41938599944114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35595351457595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13189375400543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.9301255345344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8498457670211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.7844225764274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5292184948921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4794441759586334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4767478406429291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4562062919139862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45538783073425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43982934951782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41938599944114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35595351457595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13189375400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3172945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3172945","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09770028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9664d034e2ae481793250833ae1c17f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9664d034e2ae481793250833ae1c17f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 49207-49218 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/676666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/676666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3172945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3172945","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09770028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048770382.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048770382.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517266559","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1906205923","https://openalex.org/W1973137995","https://openalex.org/W2051267297","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2128002512","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2548228487","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2773194476","https://openalex.org/W2801314369","https://openalex.org/W2807006176","https://openalex.org/W2914328083","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2949377959","https://openalex.org/W2951213900","https://openalex.org/W2962688627","https://openalex.org/W2962843773","https://openalex.org/W2963300197","https://openalex.org/W2963822870","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2964162474","https://openalex.org/W2964189045","https://openalex.org/W2970408908","https://openalex.org/W2970814018","https://openalex.org/W2976335444","https://openalex.org/W2980216952","https://openalex.org/W2980910578","https://openalex.org/W2990789643","https://openalex.org/W2994947228","https://openalex.org/W2995735216","https://openalex.org/W3005776401","https://openalex.org/W3006017224","https://openalex.org/W3007345209","https://openalex.org/W3017963604","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3024959708","https://openalex.org/W3035616549","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3048813204","https://openalex.org/W3103245149","https://openalex.org/W3103802018","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3126765304","https://openalex.org/W3167262308","https://openalex.org/W3204091362","https://openalex.org/W4285762978","https://openalex.org/W6631033597","https://openalex.org/W6631841336","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6639818217","https://openalex.org/W6679244825","https://openalex.org/W6684859321","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6730091202","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6738383168","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6746388805","https://openalex.org/W6752029299","https://openalex.org/W6758757267","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6762879059","https://openalex.org/W6762937607","https://openalex.org/W6763048141","https://openalex.org/W6763497089","https://openalex.org/W6764214684","https://openalex.org/W6768570320","https://openalex.org/W6768632158","https://openalex.org/W6769871928","https://openalex.org/W6770590064","https://openalex.org/W6771395247","https://openalex.org/W6772307254","https://openalex.org/W6773813173","https://openalex.org/W6774120287","https://openalex.org/W6779174293","https://openalex.org/W6782005658","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790852632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3196405711","https://openalex.org/W3187232590","https://openalex.org/W2618574054","https://openalex.org/W4385524141","https://openalex.org/W3018979822","https://openalex.org/W3026616975","https://openalex.org/W4288018014","https://openalex.org/W4297776111","https://openalex.org/W2989784533","https://openalex.org/W2996058201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,29],"domains":[1],"where":[2],"data":[3,23,50,71,93],"are":[4],"sensitive":[5],"or":[6],"private,":[7],"there":[8],"is":[9,133],"great":[10],"value":[11],"in":[12,17,100],"methods":[13],"that":[14,64,161],"can":[15],"learn":[16,115],"a":[18,39,61,85,116,168],"distributed":[19,101],"manner":[20],"without":[21],"the":[22,26,70,77,82,91,130,139,163],"ever":[24],"leaving":[25],"local":[27,58,78,188],"devices.":[28],"light":[30],"of":[31,87,144,171,199],"this":[32,121],"need,":[33],"federated":[34,45,94,113],"learning":[35,46,95],"has":[36],"emerged":[37],"as":[38],"popular":[40],"training":[41],"paradigm.":[42],"However,":[43],"many":[44],"approaches":[47,114],"trade":[48],"transmitting":[49],"for":[51,56,155,174],"communicating":[52],"updated":[53],"weight":[54,172],"parameters":[55],"each":[57],"device.":[59],"Therefore,":[60],"successful":[62],"breach":[63],"would":[65],"have":[66],"otherwise":[67],"directly":[68],"compromised":[69],"instead":[72],"grants":[73],"whitebox":[74],"access":[75],"to":[76,84,97,187],"model,":[79],"which":[80],"opens":[81],"door":[83],"number":[86],"attacks,":[88],"including":[89],"exposing":[90],"very":[92],"seeks":[96],"protect.":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"scenarios,":[102],"individual":[103],"client":[104],"devices":[105],"commonly":[106],"exhibit":[107],"high":[108],"statistical":[109],"heterogeneity.":[110],"Many":[111],"common":[112],"single":[117],"global":[118],"model;":[119],"while":[120,193],"may":[122],"do":[123],"well":[124],"on":[125,178],"average,":[126],"performance":[127,190],"degrades":[128],"when":[129],"i.i.d.":[131],"assumption":[132],"violated,":[134],"underfitting":[135],"individuals":[136],"further":[137],"from":[138],"mean":[140],"and":[141,181,191],"raising":[142],"questions":[143],"fairness.":[145],"To":[146],"address":[147],"these":[148],"issues,":[149],"we":[150],"propose":[151],"Weight":[152],"Anonymized":[153],"Factorization":[154],"Federated":[156],"Learning":[157],"(WAFFLe),":[158],"an":[159,196],"approach":[160],"combines":[162],"Indian":[164],"Buffet":[165],"Process":[166],"with":[167],"shared":[169],"dictionary":[170],"factors":[173],"neural":[175],"networks.":[176],"Experiments":[177],"MNIST,":[179],"FashionMNIST,":[180],"CIFAR-10":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"WAFFLe\u2019s":[184],"significant":[185],"improvement":[186],"test":[189],"fairness":[192],"simultaneously":[194],"providing":[195],"extra":[197],"layer":[198],"security.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
