{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285200431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3171575","title":"A Survey on the Web of Things","display_name":"A Survey on the Web of Things","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285200431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3171575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3171575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3171575","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09765991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09765991.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023503670","display_name":"Luca Sciullo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8973-4486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Sciullo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030108501","display_name":"Lorenzo Gigli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9714-3777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Gigli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040308565","display_name":"Federico Montori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9943-4209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Montori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy and Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems \"Ercole De Castro\", University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy and Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems \"Ercole De Castro\", University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020553985","display_name":"Angelo Trotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0552-2444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelo Trotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032452851","display_name":"Marco Di Felice","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-7597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Di Felice","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy and Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems \"Ercole De Castro\", University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy and Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems \"Ercole De Castro\", University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023503670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.2812,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95896116,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"47570","last_page":"47596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-of-things","display_name":"Web of Things","score":0.7616392374038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7375391721725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.733981192111969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.5736172795295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5365424752235413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5252292156219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.48445773124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maturity","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","score":0.4485255777835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2199617326259613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95349148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2814098","display_name":"Web of Things","level":3,"score":0.7616392374038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7375391721725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.733981192111969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5736172795295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5365424752235413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5252292156219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48445773124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.4485255777835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2199617326259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3171575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3171575","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09765991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/889985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/889985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84bcc81f75d8430894d0862fa6881182","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84bcc81f75d8430894d0862fa6881182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 47570-47596 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3171575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3171575","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09765991.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8280684723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"826452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","funder_display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285200431.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285200431.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":138,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58779080","https://openalex.org/W64203344","https://openalex.org/W1515075254","https://openalex.org/W1550815238","https://openalex.org/W1717983670","https://openalex.org/W1789266223","https://openalex.org/W1935873743","https://openalex.org/W1964578477","https://openalex.org/W1964990364","https://openalex.org/W1982043582","https://openalex.org/W1984378865","https://openalex.org/W1985812000","https://openalex.org/W2000899310","https://openalex.org/W2001291669","https://openalex.org/W2010744311","https://openalex.org/W2015191210","https://openalex.org/W2029420318","https://openalex.org/W2037011398","https://openalex.org/W2042043087","https://openalex.org/W2043510950","https://openalex.org/W2059354121","https://openalex.org/W2062833565","https://openalex.org/W2075053596","https://openalex.org/W2080783218","https://openalex.org/W2088635761","https://openalex.org/W2092245463","https://openalex.org/W2094729371","https://openalex.org/W2095327350","https://openalex.org/W2120286678","https://openalex.org/W2120538512","https://openalex.org/W2124068322","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2138648016","https://openalex.org/W2139405088","https://openalex.org/W2140805774","https://openalex.org/W2148750274","https://openalex.org/W2152161496","https://openalex.org/W2166856083","https://openalex.org/W2169239645","https://openalex.org/W2333326804","https://openalex.org/W2343251972","https://openalex.org/W2400317597","https://openalex.org/W2504129696","https://openalex.org/W2517687623","https://openalex.org/W2539259748","https://openalex.org/W2561114901","https://openalex.org/W2569320133","https://openalex.org/W2574902525","https://openalex.org/W2586401762","https://openalex.org/W2587317310","https://openalex.org/W2599371392","https://openalex.org/W2612074600","https://openalex.org/W2735939592","https://openalex.org/W2757911933","https://openalex.org/W2794768306","https://openalex.org/W2798965689","https://openalex.org/W2799438048","https://openalex.org/W2801413116","https://openalex.org/W2801559222","https://openalex.org/W2804018398","https://openalex.org/W2807592530","https://openalex.org/W2883624640","https://openalex.org/W2884009065","https://openalex.org/W2887681494","https://openalex.org/W2888758265","https://openalex.org/W2889049364","https://openalex.org/W2892123858","https://openalex.org/W2896626485","https://openalex.org/W2897095064","https://openalex.org/W2897449883","https://openalex.org/W2903231503","https://openalex.org/W2911522936","https://openalex.org/W2913921967","https://openalex.org/W2915110899","https://openalex.org/W2919565602","https://openalex.org/W2921964984","https://openalex.org/W2923477440","https://openalex.org/W2941036363","https://openalex.org/W2945125411","https://openalex.org/W2951426516","https://openalex.org/W2963954789","https://openalex.org/W2969036129","https://openalex.org/W2970745960","https://openalex.org/W2971380702","https://openalex.org/W2972117947","https://openalex.org/W2972642505","https://openalex.org/W2973161217","https://openalex.org/W2994775295","https://openalex.org/W2996700789","https://openalex.org/W2999104741","https://openalex.org/W3003288614","https://openalex.org/W3008318470","https://openalex.org/W3008634283","https://openalex.org/W3010198232","https://openalex.org/W3013684260","https://openalex.org/W3016004061","https://openalex.org/W3020870978","https://openalex.org/W3026958161","https://openalex.org/W3037067815","https://openalex.org/W3043026370","https://openalex.org/W3043159221","https://openalex.org/W3081043065","https://openalex.org/W3084768892","https://openalex.org/W3094986149","https://openalex.org/W3100555568","https://openalex.org/W3111143449","https://openalex.org/W3111186328","https://openalex.org/W3111640349","https://openalex.org/W3112621486","https://openalex.org/W3118215277","https://openalex.org/W3120801371","https://openalex.org/W3126174444","https://openalex.org/W3128644737","https://openalex.org/W3138917762","https://openalex.org/W3139068068","https://openalex.org/W3157067188","https://openalex.org/W3163423353","https://openalex.org/W3178721460","https://openalex.org/W3206446213","https://openalex.org/W3207765217","https://openalex.org/W3209398723","https://openalex.org/W4233809094","https://openalex.org/W4239696231","https://openalex.org/W4243432123","https://openalex.org/W4288112940","https://openalex.org/W4300782170","https://openalex.org/W4301701436","https://openalex.org/W6603206517","https://openalex.org/W6679031755","https://openalex.org/W6697128642","https://openalex.org/W6712789134","https://openalex.org/W6713497819","https://openalex.org/W6724756869","https://openalex.org/W6728456893","https://openalex.org/W6743540139","https://openalex.org/W6767454435","https://openalex.org/W6769710715","https://openalex.org/W6788761998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093262417","https://openalex.org/W2123131699","https://openalex.org/W913131694","https://openalex.org/W2085018420","https://openalex.org/W2978767262","https://openalex.org/W2616027277","https://openalex.org/W4244900363","https://openalex.org/W2969710819","https://openalex.org/W2780921688","https://openalex.org/W2900617588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Web":[1,18,70],"of":[2,16,24,34,44,48,54,69,90,101,109,123,134,140,148],"Things":[3],"(WoT)":[4],"paradigm":[5,112],"was":[6],"proposed":[7],"first":[8],"in":[9],"the":[10,14,32,35,45,55,67,76,80,83,88,102,110,120,127,146,162],"late":[11],"2000s,":[12],"with":[13],"idea":[15],"leveraging":[17],"standards":[19],"to":[20,87,164],"interconnect":[21],"all":[22],"types":[23],"embedded":[25],"devices.":[26],"More":[27],"than":[28],"ten":[29],"years":[30],"later,":[31],"fragmentation":[33],"IoT":[36,60,73],"landscape":[37],"has":[38],"dramatically":[39],"increased":[40],"as":[41],"a":[42,98,106],"consequence":[43],"exponential":[46],"growth":[47],"connected":[49],"devices,":[50],"making":[51],"interoperability":[52],"one":[53],"key":[56,124],"issues":[57],"for":[58,93,113],"most":[59],"deployments.":[61],"Contextually,":[62],"many":[63],"studies":[64],"have":[65,85],"demonstrated":[66],"applicability":[68],"technologies":[71,139],"on":[72,167],"scenarios,":[74],"while":[75],"joint":[77],"efforts":[78],"from":[79],"academia":[81],"and":[82,116,126,137],"industry":[84],"led":[86],"proposals":[89],"standard":[91],"specifications":[92],"developing":[94],"WoT":[95,111,141,149,168],"systems.":[96,169],"Through":[97],"systematic":[99],"review":[100],"literature,":[103],"we":[104,153],"provide":[105],"detailed":[107],"illustration":[108],"both":[114],"researchers":[115],"newcomers,":[117],"by":[118],"reconstructing":[119],"temporal":[121],"evolution":[122],"concepts":[125],"historical":[128],"trends,":[129],"providing":[130],"an":[131],"in-depth":[132],"taxonomy":[133],"software":[135],"architectures":[136],"enabling":[138],"deployments":[142],"and,":[143],"finally,":[144],"discussing":[145],"maturity":[147],"vertical":[150],"markets.":[151],"Moreover,":[152],"identify":[154],"some":[155],"future":[156],"research":[157],"directions":[158],"that":[159],"may":[160],"open":[161],"way":[163],"further":[165],"innovation":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}