{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293192745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3162588","title":"Robust Botnet DGA Detection: Blending XAI and OSINT for Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing","display_name":"Robust Botnet DGA Detection: Blending XAI and OSINT for Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293192745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3162588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3162588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3162588","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09743448.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09743448.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001154916","display_name":"Hatma Suryotrisongko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7792-6379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96036126","display_name":"Kumamoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgss904","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}],"countries":["ID","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatma Suryotrisongko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan","Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7792-6379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015741470","display_name":"Yasuo Musashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1934-6912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96036126","display_name":"Kumamoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgss904","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuo Musashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Management of Information Technologies, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1934-6912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Management of Information Technologies, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015351071","display_name":"Akio Tsuneda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96036126","display_name":"Kumamoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgss904","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akio Tsuneda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-2043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038013796","display_name":"Kenichi Sugitani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96036126","display_name":"Kumamoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgss904","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenichi Sugitani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Management of Information Technologies, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Management of Information Technologies, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.3612,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98057914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"34613","last_page":"34624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7644424438476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.7274543046951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5377523899078369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5250002145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.47682660818099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.45788657665252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37184783816337585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11744087934494019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.111408531665802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7644424438476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.7274543046951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5377523899078369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5250002145767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.47682660818099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.45788657665252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37184783816337585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11744087934494019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.111408531665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3162588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3162588","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09743448.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e233c8e7fe44d0197dc794d324147f1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e233c8e7fe44d0197dc794d324147f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 34613-34624 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3162588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3162588","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09743448.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322355","display_name":"Kumamoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgss904"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327937","display_name":"Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293192745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293192745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22566950","https://openalex.org/W1948586974","https://openalex.org/W1981294881","https://openalex.org/W2008066750","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2133761762","https://openalex.org/W2191989567","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2339166448","https://openalex.org/W2470894770","https://openalex.org/W2503962645","https://openalex.org/W2528500008","https://openalex.org/W2528572867","https://openalex.org/W2546910111","https://openalex.org/W2760313715","https://openalex.org/W2786906486","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2804240301","https://openalex.org/W2804346410","https://openalex.org/W2806206692","https://openalex.org/W2809925683","https://openalex.org/W2884628187","https://openalex.org/W2888580379","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2905870821","https://openalex.org/W2913504480","https://openalex.org/W2938311699","https://openalex.org/W2946879263","https://openalex.org/W2954590176","https://openalex.org/W2955934446","https://openalex.org/W2956281901","https://openalex.org/W2958992432","https://openalex.org/W2962061624","https://openalex.org/W2963801581","https://openalex.org/W2964522977","https://openalex.org/W2972441196","https://openalex.org/W2972689670","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2993032149","https://openalex.org/W2994994190","https://openalex.org/W2995188596","https://openalex.org/W3013353882","https://openalex.org/W3040887543","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3042275219","https://openalex.org/W3081090156","https://openalex.org/W3085052658","https://openalex.org/W3085382268","https://openalex.org/W3093718041","https://openalex.org/W3111875263","https://openalex.org/W3135939397","https://openalex.org/W3172400541","https://openalex.org/W3208908604","https://openalex.org/W4247200422","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6729497825","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6775391883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W3159690896","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W1989286518","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W2921012173","https://openalex.org/W2758517546","https://openalex.org/W3134680667","https://openalex.org/W2804396347","https://openalex.org/W2185943007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,113,163],"investigated":[1],"12":[2],"years":[3],"DNS":[4],"query":[5],"logs":[6],"of":[7,14,85,120,132],"our":[8,133,183],"campus":[9],"network":[10],"and":[11,77,94,109,168],"identified":[12],"phenomena":[13],"malicious":[15],"botnet":[16],"domain":[17],"generation":[18],"algorithm":[19],"(DGA)":[20],"traffic.":[21],"DGA-based":[22,54],"botnets":[23],"are":[24,44],"difficult":[25],"to":[26,52,81,105,181,188],"detect":[27,53],"using":[28,196],"cyber":[29],"threat":[30],"intelligence":[31,38,96],"(CTI)":[32],"systems":[33,43],"based":[34,56],"on":[35,57],"blocklists.":[36],"Artificial":[37],"(AI)/machine":[39],"learning":[40,157],"(ML)-based":[41],"CTI":[42,69,75,177,186,208],"required.":[45],"This":[46],"study":[47],"(1)":[48],"proposed":[49,184],"a":[50],"model":[51,87,124,140],"traffic":[55],"statistical":[58],"features":[59],"with":[60,73,154],"datasets":[61],"comprising":[62],"55":[63],"DGA":[64,147],"families,":[65],"(2)":[66],"discussed":[67],"how":[68,80],"can":[70],"be":[71],"expanded":[72],"computable":[74,185,207],"paradigm,":[76],"(3)":[78],"described":[79],"improve":[82],"the":[83,86,106,115,130,165,171,206],"explainability":[84],"outputs":[88],"by":[89],"blending":[90,117,173],"explainable":[91,199],"AI":[92],"(XAI)":[93],"open-source":[95],"(OSINT)":[97],"for":[98,103,122,176],"trust":[99,175],"problems,":[100],"an":[101,197],"antidote":[102],"skepticism":[104],"shared":[107],"models":[108,134,158],"preventing":[110],"automation":[111],"bias.":[112],"define":[114],"XAI-OSINT":[116,172],"as":[118,179],"aggregations":[119],"OSINT":[121,200],"AI/ML":[123],"outcome":[125],"validation.":[126],"Experimental":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"effectiveness":[131],"(96.3%":[135],"accuracy).":[136],"Our":[137],"random":[138],"forest":[139],"provides":[141],"better":[142],"robustness":[143],"against":[144],"three":[145],"state-of-the-art":[146],"adversarial":[148],"attacks":[149],"(CharBot,":[150],"DeepDGA,":[151],"MaskDGA)":[152],"compared":[153],"character-based":[155],"deep":[156],"(Endgame,":[159],"CMU,":[160],"NYU,":[161],"MIT).":[162],"demonstrate":[164],"sharing":[166,178],"mechanism":[167],"confirm":[169],"that":[170],"improves":[174],"evidence":[180],"validate":[182],"paradigm":[187],"assist":[189],"security":[190,193],"analysts":[191],"in":[192,212],"operations":[194],"centers":[195],"automated,":[198],"approach":[201],"(for":[202],"second":[203],"opinion).":[204],"Therefore,":[205],"reduces":[209],"manual":[210],"intervention":[211],"critical":[213],"cybersecurity":[214],"decision-making.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}