{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226270396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3160193","title":"A Survey on LPWAN-5G Integration: Main Challenges and Potential Solutions","display_name":"A Survey on LPWAN-5G Integration: Main Challenges and Potential Solutions","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226270396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3160193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3160193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3160193","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09737136.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09737136.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014043601","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2932-6464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2932-6464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001046536","display_name":"Yusuf Sambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-6800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf A. Sambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-6800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060781535","display_name":"Oluwakayode Onireti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0564-0333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwakayode Onireti","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0564-0333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad A. Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014043601"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.5256,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9541099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"32132","last_page":"32149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.9685778617858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7351049184799194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49125808477401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4372590482234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.402396023273468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3551076352596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wide-area-network","display_name":"Wide area network","score":0.31936824321746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12382170557975769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.11602184176445007}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.9685778617858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7351049184799194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49125808477401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4372590482234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.402396023273468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3551076352596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776238582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11384","display_name":"Wide area network","level":2,"score":0.31936824321746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12382170557975769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.11602184176445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3160193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3160193","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09737136.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:266824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/56395.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:057f6fa6bd7d49c6b8a5d065f2f44321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/057f6fa6bd7d49c6b8a5d065f2f44321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 32132-32149 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3160193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3160193","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09737136.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1470520131","display_name":"DARE: Distributed Autonomous and Resilient Emergency Management System","funder_award_id":"EP/P028764/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226270396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226270396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193356274","https://openalex.org/W1575552256","https://openalex.org/W2000889052","https://openalex.org/W2078323230","https://openalex.org/W2104903448","https://openalex.org/W2133447978","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2152394933","https://openalex.org/W2243299349","https://openalex.org/W2306187954","https://openalex.org/W2334891319","https://openalex.org/W2341159992","https://openalex.org/W2410927455","https://openalex.org/W2499400668","https://openalex.org/W2508611559","https://openalex.org/W2565629428","https://openalex.org/W2571043451","https://openalex.org/W2575239128","https://openalex.org/W2592123986","https://openalex.org/W2595466675","https://openalex.org/W2597003067","https://openalex.org/W2602716155","https://openalex.org/W2604174486","https://openalex.org/W2605111905","https://openalex.org/W2615083522","https://openalex.org/W2625128178","https://openalex.org/W2728580197","https://openalex.org/W2754850686","https://openalex.org/W2762414772","https://openalex.org/W2762875853","https://openalex.org/W2765322180","https://openalex.org/W2765463072","https://openalex.org/W2765612911","https://openalex.org/W2766716957","https://openalex.org/W2768321640","https://openalex.org/W2769539429","https://openalex.org/W2771152181","https://openalex.org/W2772805003","https://openalex.org/W2773444750","https://openalex.org/W2781583119","https://openalex.org/W2783156170","https://openalex.org/W2785728462","https://openalex.org/W2786245965","https://openalex.org/W2787604381","https://openalex.org/W2797972299","https://openalex.org/W2801989353","https://openalex.org/W2806400227","https://openalex.org/W2817158724","https://openalex.org/W2851330194","https://openalex.org/W2859978004","https://openalex.org/W2886348159","https://openalex.org/W2886663019","https://openalex.org/W2886917034","https://openalex.org/W2888892063","https://openalex.org/W2893265154","https://openalex.org/W2894744841","https://openalex.org/W2895537719","https://openalex.org/W2898008923","https://openalex.org/W2898242456","https://openalex.org/W2899375572","https://openalex.org/W2900476355","https://openalex.org/W2901111720","https://openalex.org/W2901126201","https://openalex.org/W2902663063","https://openalex.org/W2904892239","https://openalex.org/W2905499724","https://openalex.org/W2911904699","https://openalex.org/W2919566115","https://openalex.org/W2919742690","https://openalex.org/W2923934659","https://openalex.org/W2942349567","https://openalex.org/W2944046640","https://openalex.org/W2950095666","https://openalex.org/W2953505281","https://openalex.org/W2955689676","https://openalex.org/W2955778922","https://openalex.org/W2957915633","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2963926152","https://openalex.org/W2963936979","https://openalex.org/W2967482327","https://openalex.org/W2968746919","https://openalex.org/W2973584236","https://openalex.org/W2980819332","https://openalex.org/W2981228028","https://openalex.org/W2981455641","https://openalex.org/W2989646851","https://openalex.org/W2990157525","https://openalex.org/W2990333138","https://openalex.org/W2993470530","https://openalex.org/W2999444805","https://openalex.org/W3000153278","https://openalex.org/W3003760462","https://openalex.org/W3005243404","https://openalex.org/W3005396234","https://openalex.org/W3010561455","https://openalex.org/W3015980197","https://openalex.org/W3016504774","https://openalex.org/W3027688959","https://openalex.org/W3029006526","https://openalex.org/W3032826530","https://openalex.org/W3042554537","https://openalex.org/W3044596021","https://openalex.org/W3049049716","https://openalex.org/W3086515375","https://openalex.org/W3093771370","https://openalex.org/W3096419499","https://openalex.org/W3104373982","https://openalex.org/W3104912275","https://openalex.org/W3106691956","https://openalex.org/W3107575071","https://openalex.org/W3108832277","https://openalex.org/W3114827842","https://openalex.org/W3119416864","https://openalex.org/W3123909148","https://openalex.org/W3128454447","https://openalex.org/W3128471188","https://openalex.org/W3139065808","https://openalex.org/W3202967245","https://openalex.org/W4237323584","https://openalex.org/W4250397346","https://openalex.org/W4255216674","https://openalex.org/W6686707856","https://openalex.org/W6747783713","https://openalex.org/W6787457538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2780275797","https://openalex.org/W2805348733","https://openalex.org/W2787604381","https://openalex.org/W2995268047","https://openalex.org/W3138242362","https://openalex.org/W2993037392","https://openalex.org/W2976440832","https://openalex.org/W2901309327","https://openalex.org/W3134784882","https://openalex.org/W3125356464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"popularity":[1],"of":[2,4,12,42,68,151],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"has":[7],"resulted":[8],"in":[9,144],"increased":[10],"deployments":[11],"Low":[13,33],"Power":[14,34],"Wide":[15,35],"Area":[16,36],"(LPWA)":[17],"technologies":[18,86,137],"for":[19,64,138],"both":[20],"commercial":[21],"and":[22,29,49,57,76,96,117,125,129,135,148,167],"private":[23],"services":[24],"due":[25],"to":[26,184,189],"their":[27,62],"performance":[28],"cost":[30],"advantages.":[31],"Although":[32],"Networks":[37],"(LPWANs)":[38],"have":[39,53],"the":[40,113,132,146,156],"advantages":[41],"low":[43],"power":[44],"consumption,":[45],"wide":[46],"coverage,":[47],"low-cost":[48],"scalability,":[50],"they":[51],"generally":[52],"lower":[54,58],"data":[55,78],"rates":[56],"reliability,":[59],"thus":[60],"limiting":[61],"suitability":[63],"a":[65,92,106],"wider":[66],"range":[67],"industrial":[69],"use":[70],"cases":[71],"such":[72],"as":[73],"process":[74],"control":[75],"high":[77],"rate":[79],"multimedia":[80],"applications.":[81],"To":[82],"overcome":[83],"this,":[84],"LPWA":[85,127],"can":[87,177],"be":[88,178],"integrated":[89],"into":[90],"5G,":[91],"flexible,":[93],"scalable,":[94],"agile":[95],"programmable":[97],"mobile":[98],"communication":[99],"system.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104,142],"provide":[105],"survey":[107],"on":[108,112],"LPWAN-5G":[109,139,152,181],"integration":[110,115,182],"focusing":[111],"main":[114],"challenges":[116,147],"potential":[118,149],"solutions.":[119],"We":[120],"firstly":[121],"compare":[122],"popular":[123],"licensed":[124],"unlicensed":[126],"technologies,":[128],"then":[130],"introduce":[131],"5G":[133],"architecture":[134],"enabling":[136],"integration.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"discuss":[143],"detail":[145],"solutions":[150],"integration,":[153],"covering":[154],"all":[155],"important":[157],"aspects":[158],"including":[159],"hybrid":[160],"architecture,":[161],"security,":[162],"mobility,":[163],"interoperability":[164],"between":[165],"LPWANs,":[166],"coexistence":[168],"with":[169],"other":[170],"wireless":[171],"technologies.":[172],"From":[173],"our":[174],"analysis,":[175],"it":[176],"seen":[179],"that":[180],"tends":[183],"evolve":[185],"from":[186],"access":[187],"network":[188],"core":[190],"network.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
