{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226428400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157337","title":"Galileo OSNMA Public Observation Phase: Signal Testing and Validation","display_name":"Galileo OSNMA Public Observation Phase: Signal Testing and Validation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226428400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157337","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729708.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729708.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035730234","display_name":"Mario Nicola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Nicola","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-2677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077742344","display_name":"B\u00e9atrice Motella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-8414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Motella","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-8414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009839258","display_name":"Marco Pini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Pini","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-3040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074261210","display_name":"Emanuela Falletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-4148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155299","display_name":"LINKS Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/059r3nh67","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuela Falletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-4148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.0846,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97895659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"27960","last_page":"27969"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.9598000049591064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.8358509540557861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8168569803237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6414486765861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.5178490281105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4478517472743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.43661218881607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.419332355260849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3752131462097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3432557284832001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2760409414768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.17293286323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1668468713760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15576469898223877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.8358509540557861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8168569803237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6414486765861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5178490281105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4478517472743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.43661218881607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.419332355260849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3752131462097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3432557284832001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2760409414768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.17293286323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1668468713760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15576469898223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157337","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729708.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f2dde9338c2d4cea85720ddde044c8a5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f2dde9338c2d4cea85720ddde044c8a5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 27960-27969 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157337","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729708.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226428400.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226428400.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1877570691","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W2027742023","https://openalex.org/W2320527016","https://openalex.org/W2327737748","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2412789183","https://openalex.org/W2534736846","https://openalex.org/W2545985241","https://openalex.org/W2551075229","https://openalex.org/W2564312151","https://openalex.org/W2579383323","https://openalex.org/W2610334615","https://openalex.org/W2751870338","https://openalex.org/W2806388057","https://openalex.org/W2902520194","https://openalex.org/W2946750750","https://openalex.org/W3006354935","https://openalex.org/W3035635606","https://openalex.org/W3097717729","https://openalex.org/W3120411345","https://openalex.org/W3128694979","https://openalex.org/W3196691016","https://openalex.org/W3206388238","https://openalex.org/W3207297125","https://openalex.org/W3207700147","https://openalex.org/W6675693487","https://openalex.org/W6676669492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W944951790","https://openalex.org/W2051846109","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2028990501","https://openalex.org/W2780584843","https://openalex.org/W1476187229","https://openalex.org/W2463060271","https://openalex.org/W1995035072","https://openalex.org/W2399065630","https://openalex.org/W2003391265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,101,125,150],"Public":[1],"Observation":[2],"(PO)":[3],"test":[4],"phase":[5],"of":[6,87,99,141,157,164],"the":[7,30,35,49,58,64,74,85,88,96,106,113,117,122,131,139,142,147],"Galileo":[8,89],"Open":[9],"Service":[10,77],"Navigation":[11],"Message":[12],"Authentication":[13],"(OSNMA)":[14],"signal":[15],"is":[16,45,70,103,152],"officially":[17],"opened":[18],"since":[19],"November":[20],"<inline-formula":[21],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[22],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[23],"<tex-math":[24],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$15^{\\text":[25],"{th}}~2021$":[26],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[27],",":[28],"by":[29,112,154],"European":[31,75],"Union":[32],"Agency":[33],"for":[34,54],"Space":[36,52],"Programme":[37],"(EUSPA).":[38],"During":[39],"this":[40],"phase,":[41],"any":[42],"interested":[43],"users":[44],"allowed":[46],"to":[47,62,104,120],"access":[48],"Signal":[50],"in":[51,162],"(SIS)":[53],"testing":[55],"purposes,":[56],"while":[57],"crypto":[59,107],"material":[60],"needed":[61],"process":[63],"message":[65],"and":[66,108,115],"verify":[67],"its":[68],"authenticity":[69,140],"made":[71],"available":[72],"on":[73],"GNSS":[76],"Centre":[78],"(GSC)":[79],"web":[80],"portal.":[81],"This":[82],"paper":[83],"describes":[84],"processing":[86],"E1-B":[90],"navigation":[91,123,143],"message,":[92],"as":[93],"observed":[94],"during":[95],"first":[97],"days":[98],"PO.":[100],"purpose":[102],"analyze":[105],"authenticated":[109],"data":[110],"carried":[111],"SIS":[114,126],"apply":[116],"OSNMA":[118],"protocol":[119],"authenticate":[121],"message.":[124],"has":[127],"been":[128],"processed":[129],"with":[130],"NGene":[132],"real":[133],"time":[134],"software":[135],"receiver":[136,159],"which":[137],"verifies":[138],"data,":[144],"before":[145],"evaluating":[146],"position":[148,165],"fix.":[149],"work":[151],"completed":[153],"an":[155],"assessment":[156],"OSNMA-ready":[158],"performance,":[160],"mainly":[161],"terms":[163],"accuracy.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}