{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225726585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157305","title":"Automated Heart Valve Disorder Detection Based on PDF Modeling of Formant Variation Pattern in PCG Signal","display_name":"Automated Heart Valve Disorder Detection Based on PDF Modeling of Formant Variation Pattern in PCG Signal","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225726585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157305","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729771.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729771.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034237770","display_name":"Monjur Morshed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-761X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183697816","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05a1qpv97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Monjur Morshed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074606314","display_name":"Shaikh Anowarul Fattah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8090-2327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183697816","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05a1qpv97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaikh Anowarul Fattah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085448346","display_name":"Mohammad Saquib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-2397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Saquib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034237770"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89989201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"27330","last_page":"27342"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12418","display_name":"Respiratory and Cough-Related Research","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formant","display_name":"Formant","score":0.95928955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.6857632994651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6604250073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6505956053733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mel-frequency-cepstrum","display_name":"Mel-frequency cepstrum","score":0.4157906770706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3997315466403961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.39817652106285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3326408267021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32590383291244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11762973666191101}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158215666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414685","display_name":"Formant","level":3,"score":0.95928955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6857632994651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6604250073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6505956053733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151989614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440370","display_name":"Mel-frequency cepstrum","level":3,"score":0.4157906770706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3997315466403961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.39817652106285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3326408267021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32590383291244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11762973666191101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157305","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729771.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be55fc1d2141426f8e2a2707e257568b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be55fc1d2141426f8e2a2707e257568b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 27330-27342 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157305","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729771.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225726585.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225726585.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597732836","https://openalex.org/W1972961597","https://openalex.org/W2016540564","https://openalex.org/W2030212703","https://openalex.org/W2039031643","https://openalex.org/W2049185256","https://openalex.org/W2067063385","https://openalex.org/W2080462706","https://openalex.org/W2083083343","https://openalex.org/W2106033090","https://openalex.org/W2120578902","https://openalex.org/W2126648880","https://openalex.org/W2137837503","https://openalex.org/W2146837818","https://openalex.org/W2221758221","https://openalex.org/W2301158262","https://openalex.org/W2312349178","https://openalex.org/W2546499127","https://openalex.org/W2557139718","https://openalex.org/W2560917084","https://openalex.org/W2614578122","https://openalex.org/W2753975697","https://openalex.org/W2794228822","https://openalex.org/W2804483946","https://openalex.org/W2805571860","https://openalex.org/W2896333052","https://openalex.org/W2898859377","https://openalex.org/W2901976219","https://openalex.org/W2904163197","https://openalex.org/W2906028509","https://openalex.org/W2906769087","https://openalex.org/W2913088108","https://openalex.org/W2979478561","https://openalex.org/W2981505513","https://openalex.org/W3004025693","https://openalex.org/W3005771459","https://openalex.org/W3006170491","https://openalex.org/W3055801575","https://openalex.org/W3119536276","https://openalex.org/W3122189984","https://openalex.org/W3132952621","https://openalex.org/W3135849576","https://openalex.org/W3160714099","https://openalex.org/W6677420858","https://openalex.org/W6734793629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149026133","https://openalex.org/W2517638034","https://openalex.org/W2148255015","https://openalex.org/W2977418081","https://openalex.org/W93108289","https://openalex.org/W2540894090","https://openalex.org/W1576894437","https://openalex.org/W2938526130","https://openalex.org/W2497697110","https://openalex.org/W3177335058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heart":[0],"valve":[1],"disorder":[2],"(HVD)":[3],"analysis":[4],"from":[5,28,37,105,195,239],"heart":[6,80,150,191,299],"sound":[7,151],"is":[8,74,163,322],"being":[9],"well":[10],"known":[11],"for":[12,50,108,202,317],"a":[13,42,46,222,229,244,253],"long":[14,223],"period":[15],"of":[16,20,69,78,91,129,148,170,178,189,210,220,225,247,257,288,298,313],"time,":[17,230],"and":[18,93,199,208,236,261,315],"use":[19],"digital":[21],"stethoscope":[22],"gives":[23],"opportunity":[24],"to":[25,58,64,121,125,136,165,215,272,284,326],"diagnose":[26],"HVDs":[27,92],"phonocardiographic":[29],"(PCG)":[30],"signal.":[31,173],"An":[32],"automated":[33],"HVD":[34],"detection":[35],"technique":[36],"PCG":[38,71,82,106,113,138,172,180,226,280],"signal":[39,107,139,227],"can":[40],"play":[41],"key":[43,156],"role":[44],"as":[45],"first-hand":[47],"diagnostic":[48],"tool":[49],"the":[51,66,70,79,126,133,137,145,149,167,171,179,184,190,196,233,248,258,263,274,286,289,295,305,309,318],"physicians.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54,154],"paper,":[55],"in":[56,118,144,158,324],"order":[57],"classify":[59,122,273,294],"different":[60,89],"HVDs,":[61],"we":[62,231,251],"propose":[63,252],"utilize":[65,262],"formant":[67,127,212,259],"characteristic":[68],"signal,":[72,132,181],"which":[73,242,321],"an":[75],"acoustic":[76,187],"property":[77],"sound.":[81],"signals":[83,114],"exhibit":[84],"significant":[85],"variations":[86],"depending":[87],"on":[88],"types":[90],"thus":[94],"conventional":[95],"time":[96],"frequency":[97,207],"domain":[98],"features":[99,102,271],"or":[100],"statistical":[101,270],"are":[103,115,193,200,213,282],"extracted":[104],"disease":[109],"classification.":[110],"However,":[111],"direct":[112],"also":[116],"used":[117,164,201,283],"sequential":[119],"networks":[120],"HVDs.":[123,275],"Similar":[124],"peaks":[128],"voiced":[130,146],"speech":[131],"spectrum":[134,169],"corresponding":[135],"exhibits":[140],"distinguishable":[141],"peaks,":[142],"especially":[143],"part":[147],"(lub-dub).":[152],"Keeping":[153],"notable":[155],"point":[157],"consideration,":[159],"Burg\u2019s":[160,197],"autoregressive":[161],"model":[162,255,265],"find":[166],"parametric":[168],"The":[174,205,301],"first":[175],"two":[176,319],"formants":[177,238],"that":[182,292,304],"carry":[183],"most":[185],"informative":[186],"properties":[188],"sound,":[192],"estimated":[194,264],"spectrum,":[198],"feature":[203],"extraction.":[204],"magnitude,":[206],"phase":[209],"each":[211,240],"considered":[214],"evaluate":[216],"these":[217],"features.":[218],"Instead":[219],"considering":[221],"duration":[224],"at":[228],"consider":[232],"overlapping":[234],"sub-frames,":[235],"extract":[237],"sub-frame,":[241],"generates":[243],"temporal":[245],"variation":[246],"formants.":[249],"Finally,":[250],"PDF":[254],"fitting":[256],"variation,":[260],"parameters":[266],"along":[267],"with":[268],"some":[269],"Two":[276],"famous":[277],"publicly":[278],"available":[279],"datasets":[281],"demonstrate":[285],"performance":[287],"proposed":[290,306],"method,":[291],"efficiently":[293],"binary/five":[296],"classes":[297],"sounds.":[300],"results":[302],"reveal":[303],"method":[307],"has":[308],"overall":[310],"accuracy":[311],"values":[312],"93.46%":[314],"99.28%":[316],"datasets,":[320],"better":[323],"comparison":[325],"other":[327],"previously":[328],"reported":[329],"state-of-the-art":[330],"techniques.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
