{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225976440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157297","title":"Robust Attentive Deep Neural Network for Detecting GAN-Generated Faces","display_name":"Robust Attentive Deep Neural Network for Detecting GAN-Generated Faces","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225976440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157297","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729775.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729775.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006026396","display_name":"Guo Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-7410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA","Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albnay, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albnay, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687829","display_name":"Shu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-4140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2500, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2500, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328001","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-2407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Keya Medical, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Keya Medical, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012638803","display_name":"Ming\u2010Ching Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Ching Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA","Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albnay, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albnay, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023752172","display_name":"Siwei Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-685X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwei Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2500, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2500, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006026396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.0025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96469019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"32574","last_page":"32583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7116239070892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6001764535903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.583437442779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.5063575506210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3994904160499573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7116239070892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6001764535903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.583437442779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.5063575506210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3994904160499573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157297","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729775.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ede2b199acd642c3a964034f3af4a80b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ede2b199acd642c3a964034f3af4a80b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 32574-32583 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157297","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729775.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6812724022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K003088-00-S04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225976440.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225976440.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2115252128","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2440599146","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2550553598","https://openalex.org/W2610850660","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2808763756","https://openalex.org/W2866634454","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2888519208","https://openalex.org/W2899279931","https://openalex.org/W2907295878","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2959409678","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962891704","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963495494","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2991318208","https://openalex.org/W3010512657","https://openalex.org/W3010699567","https://openalex.org/W3011990345","https://openalex.org/W3012472557","https://openalex.org/W3034577585","https://openalex.org/W3034795015","https://openalex.org/W3034864980","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3036836012","https://openalex.org/W3098341425","https://openalex.org/W3159326640","https://openalex.org/W3163387060","https://openalex.org/W3184257017","https://openalex.org/W3197831948","https://openalex.org/W3209875211","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631546530","https://openalex.org/W6677618333","https://openalex.org/W6677770173","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6679728998","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6749773308","https://openalex.org/W6757093574","https://openalex.org/W6764733053","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6773526402","https://openalex.org/W6775642233","https://openalex.org/W6779304510","https://openalex.org/W6781114857","https://openalex.org/W6784243975","https://openalex.org/W6796353777","https://openalex.org/W6797179183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"Adversarial":[1],"Network":[2,140],"(GAN)":[3],"based":[4],"techniques":[5],"can":[6,26,159],"generate":[7],"and":[8,17,50,70,120,199],"synthesize":[9],"realistic":[10],"faces":[11,25,55,104],"that":[12,101],"cause":[13],"profound":[14],"social":[15],"concerns":[16],"security":[18],"problems.":[19],"Existing":[20],"methods":[21,62],"for":[22],"detecting":[23],"GAN-generated":[24,103],"perform":[27],"well":[28,43,66],"on":[29,188],"limited":[30],"public":[31],"datasets.":[32],"However,":[33],"images":[34],"from":[35,162],"existing":[36,79],"datasets":[37],"do":[38,63],"not":[39,64],"represent":[40],"real-world":[41,68],"scenarios":[42,201],"enough":[44],"in":[45,67,196],"terms":[46],"of":[47,74,78,153,178,205],"view":[48],"variations":[49],"data":[51,87,164],"distributions,":[52],"where":[53],"real":[54],"largely":[56],"outnumber":[57],"synthetic":[58],"ones.":[59],"The":[60],"state-of-the-art":[61],"generalize":[65],"problems":[69],"lack":[71],"the":[72,126,144,147,154,171,179,203],"interpretability":[73],"detection":[75,81],"results.":[76],"Performance":[77],"GAN-face":[80],"models":[82],"degrades":[83],"accordingly":[84],"when":[85],"facing":[86],"imbalance":[88],"issues.":[89],"To":[90],"address":[91],"these":[92],"shortcomings,":[93],"we":[94,133],"propose":[95],"a":[96,135,166,176,189],"robust,":[97],"attentive,":[98],"end-to-end":[99],"framework":[100],"spots":[102],"by":[105,118,131],"analyzing":[106],"eye":[107,116],"inconsistencies.":[108],"Our":[109,157],"model":[110],"automatically":[111],"learns":[112],"to":[113,142],"identify":[114],"inconsistent":[115],"components":[117],"localizing":[119],"comparing":[121],"artifacts":[122],"between":[123,146],"eyes.":[124,156],"After":[125],"iris":[127],"regions":[128],"are":[129],"extracted":[130],"Mask-RCNN,":[132],"design":[134],"<italic":[136,148],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[137,149,193],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Residual":[138],"Attention":[139],"(RAN)</i>":[141],"examine":[143],"consistency":[145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">corneal":[150],"specular":[151],"highlights</i>":[152],"two":[155],"method":[158],"effectively":[160],"learn":[161],"imbalanced":[163,200],"using":[165],"joint":[167],"loss":[168,174,181],"function":[169],"combining":[170],"traditional":[172],"cross-entropy":[173],"with":[175],"relaxation":[177],"ROC-AUC":[180],"via":[182],"Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney":[183],"(WMW)":[184],"statistics.":[185],"Comprehensive":[186],"evaluations":[187],"newly":[190],"created":[191],"<bold":[192],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">FFHQ-GAN</b>":[194],"dataset":[195],"both":[197],"balanced":[198],"demonstrate":[202],"superiority":[204],"our":[206],"method.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
