{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226143411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157291","title":"Extreme Beam-Forming With Impedance Metasurfaces Featuring Embedded Sources and Auxiliary Surface Wave Optimization","display_name":"Extreme Beam-Forming With Impedance Metasurfaces Featuring Embedded Sources and Auxiliary Surface Wave Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226143411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729725.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729725.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049315139","display_name":"Gengyu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-9627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gengyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076383327","display_name":"Vasileios G. Ataloglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5772-2213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios G. Ataloglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017724556","display_name":"Sean V. Hum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8797-0039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Victor Hum","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052719660","display_name":"George V. Eleftheriades","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-3864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George V. Eleftheriades","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049315139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":35.6922,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99672116,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"28670","last_page":"28684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.5189309120178223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.4773938059806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.469870388507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4675765335559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45774903893470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4176042973995209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4026767611503601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.39979952573776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.34180325269699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22350797057151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17749541997909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16198310256004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10532942414283752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.5189309120178223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.4773938059806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.469870388507843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4675765335559845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45774903893470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4176042973995209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4026767611503601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.39979952573776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34180325269699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22350797057151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17749541997909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16198310256004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10532942414283752}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729725.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2112.12700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.12700","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.12700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d871aff5be4f41aeba8f7928a8bb6346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d871aff5be4f41aeba8f7928a8bb6346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 28670-28684 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3157291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3157291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09729725.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226143411.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226143411.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515302430","https://openalex.org/W1720196342","https://openalex.org/W2014094736","https://openalex.org/W2021647152","https://openalex.org/W2089322977","https://openalex.org/W2091528578","https://openalex.org/W2104416905","https://openalex.org/W2151980064","https://openalex.org/W2173693670","https://openalex.org/W2249555136","https://openalex.org/W2330146299","https://openalex.org/W2335764699","https://openalex.org/W2340036327","https://openalex.org/W2365261012","https://openalex.org/W2408718880","https://openalex.org/W2475208667","https://openalex.org/W2587775884","https://openalex.org/W2588131523","https://openalex.org/W2591077411","https://openalex.org/W2754418878","https://openalex.org/W2783168053","https://openalex.org/W2784181208","https://openalex.org/W2785984620","https://openalex.org/W2791564557","https://openalex.org/W2794846143","https://openalex.org/W2808295928","https://openalex.org/W2890055656","https://openalex.org/W2898311887","https://openalex.org/W2898740170","https://openalex.org/W2944497922","https://openalex.org/W2949551453","https://openalex.org/W2950562737","https://openalex.org/W2954243242","https://openalex.org/W2961922151","https://openalex.org/W2967877766","https://openalex.org/W2980439048","https://openalex.org/W2982326887","https://openalex.org/W3000012647","https://openalex.org/W3001768486","https://openalex.org/W3011935547","https://openalex.org/W3013762481","https://openalex.org/W3029548144","https://openalex.org/W3036791426","https://openalex.org/W3040693429","https://openalex.org/W3044159803","https://openalex.org/W3047098494","https://openalex.org/W3047986544","https://openalex.org/W3090510565","https://openalex.org/W3094169683","https://openalex.org/W3098173280","https://openalex.org/W3098302030","https://openalex.org/W3098375665","https://openalex.org/W3098885262","https://openalex.org/W3101025007","https://openalex.org/W3102915815","https://openalex.org/W3104483252","https://openalex.org/W3112701085","https://openalex.org/W3118995878","https://openalex.org/W3120696018","https://openalex.org/W3130215282","https://openalex.org/W3130491887","https://openalex.org/W3131527032","https://openalex.org/W3135887102","https://openalex.org/W3157327022","https://openalex.org/W3162862509","https://openalex.org/W3182221871","https://openalex.org/W3185872272","https://openalex.org/W3210864317","https://openalex.org/W3210971034","https://openalex.org/W4200633185","https://openalex.org/W4206755437","https://openalex.org/W4225433958","https://openalex.org/W4287083525","https://openalex.org/W4319459094","https://openalex.org/W4389626908","https://openalex.org/W6785441617","https://openalex.org/W6791613629","https://openalex.org/W6799974674","https://openalex.org/W6804750052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376947865","https://openalex.org/W2895032808","https://openalex.org/W1986840880","https://openalex.org/W2031453039","https://openalex.org/W2037919423","https://openalex.org/W2145169614","https://openalex.org/W4244137926","https://openalex.org/W4321448103","https://openalex.org/W4210421580","https://openalex.org/W2899315007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,142],"present":[1,127],"the":[2,42,79,86,89,93,97,101,109,118,171,188,194,197,237,240,260],"end-to-end":[3],"design":[4,176],"of":[5,20,28,53,58,78,92,99,120,130,166,196,218,239],"compact":[6],"passive":[7],"and":[8,33,72,83,227,253,259],"lossless":[9],"metasurface":[10,25,198],"antennas":[11,199],"with":[12,50,63,96,137,149,213,223,229],"integrated":[13],"feeds.":[14],"The":[15,44,158,232,246],"complete":[16],"low-profile":[17],"system":[18],"consists":[19],"a":[21,29,145,209,214],"single-layered":[22],"reactive":[23,65],"impedance":[24,46],"on":[26],"top":[27,45],"grounded":[30],"dielectric":[31,254],"substrate,":[32],"is":[34,48,60,81,106,178,221,256],"fed":[35],"by":[36,180,251],"sources":[37,152],"which":[38,59,184],"are":[39,202],"embedded":[40,151],"inside":[41],"substrate.":[43],"layer":[47],"implemented":[49,203],"an":[51,163],"array":[52],"printed":[54,68],"metallic":[55],"wires,":[56],"each":[57,161],"periodically":[61],"loaded":[62,225],"subwavelength":[64],"elements":[66],"(e.g.":[67],"capacitors).":[69],"An":[70],"accurate":[71],"efficient":[73],"volume-surface":[74],"integral":[75],"equation-based":[76],"model":[77],"device":[80],"developed,":[82],"used":[84],"as":[85,191,193],"basis":[87],"for":[88,243],"rapid":[90],"optimization":[91],"wire":[94],"impedances,":[95],"goal":[98],"producing":[100],"desired":[102],"radiation":[103,234],"characteristics.":[104],"It":[105],"found":[107],"that":[108],"optimized":[110],"designs":[111],"leverage":[112],"tailored":[113],"surface":[114],"waves":[115],"to":[116,134],"facilitate":[117],"realization":[119],"extreme":[121],"field":[122],"transformations.":[123],"In":[124],"particular,":[125],"we":[126],"surfaces":[128],"capable":[129],"wide-angle":[131],"beamforming":[132],"up":[133],"60\u00b0":[135],"off-broadside":[136],"nearly":[138],"100%":[139],"aperture":[140,164],"efficiency.":[141],"also":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"multi-input,":[146],"multi-output,":[147],"antenna":[148,212],"two":[150],"emitting":[153],"independent":[154],"beams":[155,160],"at":[156],"\u00b120\u00b0.":[157],"output":[159],"exhibits":[162],"efficiency":[165,190,249],"around":[167],"90%,":[168],"despite":[169],"sharing":[170],"same":[172],"physical":[173],"aperture.":[174],"Our":[175],"framework":[177,242],"supplemented":[179],"several":[181],"feasibility-related":[182],"constraints,":[183,208],"can":[185],"significantly":[186],"enhance":[187],"power":[189,248],"well":[192],"bandwidth":[195,263],"when":[200],"they":[201],"in":[204],"practice.":[205],"Utilizing":[206],"these":[207],"Chebyshev":[210],"pattern":[211,235],"side":[215],"lobe":[216],"level":[217],"\u221220":[219],"dB":[220],"designed":[222],"realistic":[224],"wires":[226],"validated":[228],"full-wave":[230],"simulations.":[231],"obtained":[233],"confirms":[236],"ability":[238],"developed":[241],"arbitrary":[244],"beam-shaping.":[245],"realized":[247],"(limited":[250],"copper":[252],"losses)":[255],"over":[257,265],"93%":[258],"3-dB":[261],"directivity":[262],"slightly":[264],"6%.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}