{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214576692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3155467","title":"Translating Melody to Chord: Structured and Flexible Harmonization of Melody With Transformer","display_name":"Translating Melody to Chord: Structured and Flexible Harmonization of Melody With Transformer","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214576692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3155467"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3155467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3155467","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09723052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09723052.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012700093","display_name":"Seungyeon Rhyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-4252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seungyeon Rhyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1192-4252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013472340","display_name":"Hyeonseok Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-3307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeonseok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-3307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011045529","display_name":"Sarah Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3383-6344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3383-6344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088852010","display_name":"Kyogu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4210-0312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyogu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4210-0312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012700093"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.3795,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8838742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"28261","last_page":"28273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10788","display_name":"Neuroscience and Music Perception","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melody","display_name":"Melody","score":0.7790501117706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chord","display_name":"Chord (peer-to-peer)","score":0.7744196653366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7405713796615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6925625801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonization","display_name":"Harmonization","score":0.6120655536651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5137973427772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4365418255329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33272719383239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.11588475108146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.09295207262039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07939642667770386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43803900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170412","display_name":"Melody","level":3,"score":0.7790501117706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194147245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076368","display_name":"Chord (peer-to-peer)","level":2,"score":0.7744196653366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7405713796615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6925625801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779962950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659376","display_name":"Harmonization","level":2,"score":0.6120655536651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5137973427772522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4365418255329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33272719383239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.11588475108146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.09295207262039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07939642667770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3155467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3155467","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09723052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3c3ecdd73e3a4059b000a7687e7067da","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3c3ecdd73e3a4059b000a7687e7067da","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 28261-28273 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3155467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3155467","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09723052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214576692.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214576692.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1556449458","https://openalex.org/W1843386516","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1975929202","https://openalex.org/W1983033388","https://openalex.org/W2026162824","https://openalex.org/W2096551245","https://openalex.org/W2112221503","https://openalex.org/W2115325536","https://openalex.org/W2142996485","https://openalex.org/W2414720345","https://openalex.org/W2903739847","https://openalex.org/W2963408210","https://openalex.org/W2963713328","https://openalex.org/W2998560404","https://openalex.org/W3013310839","https://openalex.org/W3015625764","https://openalex.org/W3027186469","https://openalex.org/W3092879656","https://openalex.org/W3112493053","https://openalex.org/W3124507227","https://openalex.org/W3137883189","https://openalex.org/W3161106948","https://openalex.org/W4247577772","https://openalex.org/W6606553729","https://openalex.org/W6612795296","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6676368125","https://openalex.org/W6682743674","https://openalex.org/W6687045409","https://openalex.org/W6714284124","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6746292182","https://openalex.org/W6746781809","https://openalex.org/W6749053379","https://openalex.org/W6749351710","https://openalex.org/W6751252338","https://openalex.org/W6754559877","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755312952","https://openalex.org/W6755406732","https://openalex.org/W6763362620","https://openalex.org/W6765759998","https://openalex.org/W6770099786","https://openalex.org/W6771747371","https://openalex.org/W6774882322","https://openalex.org/W6780713994","https://openalex.org/W6781678156","https://openalex.org/W6782288222","https://openalex.org/W6782602824","https://openalex.org/W6894144410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118466154","https://openalex.org/W2118371117","https://openalex.org/W4247380401","https://openalex.org/W2753058862","https://openalex.org/W2547055343","https://openalex.org/W2163240950","https://openalex.org/W2804082714","https://openalex.org/W2039049596","https://openalex.org/W2086473573","https://openalex.org/W1566263950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"deep":[1],"learning":[2,119],"approaches":[3,24],"for":[4,103,118,134],"melody":[5,52,70,95,109],"harmonization":[6,96],"have":[7,25],"achieved":[8],"remarkable":[9],"performance":[10],"by":[11],"overcoming":[12],"the":[13,64,78,99,104,114,120,129,135,145],"uneven":[14],"chord":[15,37,58,152],"distributions":[16],"of":[17,22,68,81,107,123,138],"music":[18,125],"data.":[19],"However,":[20],"most":[21],"these":[23],"not":[26],"attempted":[27],"to":[28,110],"capture":[29],"an":[30],"original":[31],"melodic":[32],"structure":[33],"and":[34,127],"generate":[35,148],"structured":[36],"sequences":[38,153],"with":[39,84,87],"appropriate":[40],"rhythms.":[41],"Hence,":[42],"we":[43,62,76],"use":[44],"a":[45,55,69,72,88,108],"Transformer-based":[46,94,101,116,132],"architecture":[47],"that":[48,144],"directly":[49],"maps":[50],"lower-level":[51],"notes":[53],"into":[54,71],"semantic":[56],"higher-level":[57],"sequence.":[59],"In":[60],"particular,":[61],"encode":[63],"binary":[65],"piano":[66],"roll":[67],"note-based":[73],"representation.":[74],"Furthermore,":[75],"address":[77],"flexible":[79],"generation":[80,137],"various":[82],"chords":[83,111,139],"Transformer":[85],"expanded":[86],"VAE":[89],"framework.":[90],"We":[91],"propose":[92],"three":[93],"models:":[97],"1)":[98],"standard":[100],"model":[102,117,133],"neural":[105],"translation":[106],"(STHarm);":[112],"2)":[113],"variational":[115,131],"global":[121],"representation":[122],"complete":[124],"(VTHarm);":[126],"3)":[128],"regularized":[130],"controllable":[136],"(rVTHarm).":[140],"Experimental":[141],"results":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"proposed":[146],"models":[147],"more":[149],"structured,":[150],"diverse":[151],"than":[154],"LSTM-based":[155],"models.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}