{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214672453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153701","title":"Improved Fault-Tolerant Consensus Based on the PBFT Algorithm","display_name":"Improved Fault-Tolerant Consensus Based on the PBFT Algorithm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214672453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153701","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718319.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101703343","display_name":"Jian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8908-8077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8908-8077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684819","display_name":"Zhenhong Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5182-4929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5182-4929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056078851","display_name":"Ruiguo Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiguo Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070229040","display_name":"Xiaoxiong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8373-9710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086121472","display_name":"Jiwei Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7023-2630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwei Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7023-2630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101703343"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":21.6713,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99476942,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"30274","last_page":"30283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.7978264093399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.7815040946006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7479407787322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7424525618553162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6254575252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.5406128764152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissemination","display_name":"Dissemination","score":0.439267635345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.43681371212005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.4340037405490875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4293980598449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34141844511032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12599632143974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10547134280204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07712826132774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.07056742906570435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.7978264093399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.7815040946006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7479407787322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7424525618553162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6254575252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5406128764152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101780184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840576","display_name":"Dissemination","level":2,"score":0.439267635345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.43681371212005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.4340037405490875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4293980598449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34141844511032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12599632143974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10547134280204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07712826132774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.07056742906570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153701","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0f2e39a886594f49b2edfd8a6e4dea9f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0f2e39a886594f49b2edfd8a6e4dea9f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 30274-30283 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153701","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214672453.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214672453.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020765652","https://openalex.org/W2124582661","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2765239986","https://openalex.org/W2783303037","https://openalex.org/W2890103652","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2909471247","https://openalex.org/W2910188163","https://openalex.org/W2921872468","https://openalex.org/W2922213814","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2969329033","https://openalex.org/W2969395421","https://openalex.org/W2969687764","https://openalex.org/W2975193823","https://openalex.org/W2988605069","https://openalex.org/W2997526278","https://openalex.org/W3003936169","https://openalex.org/W3004796362","https://openalex.org/W3025998948","https://openalex.org/W3027328454","https://openalex.org/W3040867496","https://openalex.org/W3087984227","https://openalex.org/W3106106092","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3134762423","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3138874907","https://openalex.org/W3189427568","https://openalex.org/W3217797984","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6747048825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366607545","https://openalex.org/W2027487876","https://openalex.org/W4382236851","https://openalex.org/W3095607337","https://openalex.org/W3119045199","https://openalex.org/W3046732854","https://openalex.org/W4311457586","https://openalex.org/W4306816376","https://openalex.org/W4362500719","https://openalex.org/W3101414869"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays":[0],"Practical":[1],"Byzantine":[2],"Fault":[3],"Tolerance":[4],"(PBFT)":[5],"algorithm":[6,13,21,80,111],"has":[7],"become":[8],"the":[9,15,19,58,84,94,108,114,124,128,132,135,140,144,147,161,165,175,185,195,198],"most":[10],"extensive":[11],"consensus":[12,79,115],"in":[14,46,98],"alliance":[16],"chain.":[17],"However,":[18],"PBFT":[20,45],"is":[22,171,180,191],"usually":[23],"only":[24],"applicable":[25],"to":[26,30,56,112,117,138,193],"small":[27],"networks":[28],"due":[29],"high":[31,62,76],"communication":[32,120,125],"complexity":[33,126],"and":[34,53,66,88,92,103,130,152,174,197],"poor":[35],"scalability.":[36,104],"Although":[37],"there":[38],"have":[39],"been":[40],"many":[41],"improved":[42],"algorithms":[43],"for":[44],"recent":[47],"years,":[48],"they":[49],"ignore":[50],"fault":[51,67,77,99,167,176],"tolerance":[52,68,78,100,177],"democracy.":[54],"Therefore,":[55],"meet":[57],"requirements":[59],"of":[60,64,69,86,90,96,127,134,143,169],"a":[61,75],"degree":[63],"decentralization":[65,87],"blockchain-based":[70],"scenarios.":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"proposes":[74],"NBFT,":[81],"which":[82],"follows":[83],"principle":[85],"democratization":[89],"blockchain":[91],"ensures":[93],"improvement":[95],"performance":[97],"upper":[101,178],"limit":[102,179],"First,":[105],"we":[106],"use":[107],"consistent":[109],"hash":[110],"group":[113],"nodes":[116,170],"avoid":[118],"much":[119],"between":[121],"nodes,":[122],"reduce":[123],"network,":[129],"improve":[131],"scalability":[133],"network.":[136],"Second,":[137],"ensure":[139],"fault-tolerant":[141],"ability":[142],"grouping":[145],"consensus,":[146],"nodal":[148],"decision":[149],"broadcast":[150],"model":[151,155,190],"threshold":[153],"vote-counting":[154],"are":[156,200],"proposed":[157,162],"first.":[158],"Combined":[159],"with":[160],"two":[163],"models,":[164],"joint":[166],"analysis":[168],"carried":[172],"out,":[173],"more":[181],"than":[182],"1/3.":[183],"Then,":[184],"Faulty":[186],"Number":[187],"Determined":[188],"(FND)":[189],"introduced":[192],"simulate":[194],"experiment,":[196],"results":[199],"verified.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
