{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213434993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153357","title":"Multi-Scale Part-Based Syndrome Classification of 3D Facial Images","display_name":"Multi-Scale Part-Based Syndrome Classification of 3D Facial Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213434993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153357"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153357","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718285.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035802376","display_name":"Soha Sadat Mahdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0549-7103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800231306","display_name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/0424bsv16","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soha Sadat Mahdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0549-7103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096","https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031945469","display_name":"Harold Matthews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0524-0025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800231306","display_name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/0424bsv16","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150290","display_name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/048fyec77","country_code":"AU","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150290"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["AU","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harold Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia","Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096","https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077154341","display_name":"Nele Nauwelaers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-6106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800231306","display_name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/0424bsv16","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nele Nauwelaers","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-6106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096","https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033249557","display_name":"Michiel Vanneste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0222-5740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michiel Vanneste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066291894","display_name":"Shunwang Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8717-8722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunwang Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8717-8722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048832709","display_name":"Giorgos Bouritsas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8476-4918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgos Bouritsas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089939981","display_name":"Gareth Baynam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801351171","display_name":"King Edward Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00ns3e792","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gareth S. Baynam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801351171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065396629","display_name":"Peter Hammond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3208-4459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hammond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079793510","display_name":"Richard A. Spritz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8325-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Spritz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017487346","display_name":"Ophir D. Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6254-7082"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ophir D. Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017527161","display_name":"Benedikt Hallgr\u00edmsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7192-9103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Hallgrimsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alberta Childre\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Alberta Childre's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7192-9103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alberta Childre\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alberta Childre's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088298306","display_name":"Hilde Peeters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-3375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilde Peeters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013638126","display_name":"Michael M. Bronstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-7252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Bronstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054286392","display_name":"Peter Claes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9489-9819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800231306","display_name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/0424bsv16","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Claes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9489-9819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIRC, ESAT/PSI\u2014UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096","https://openalex.org/I2800231306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035802376"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800231306","https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6592,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80730246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"23450","last_page":"23462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11919","display_name":"dental development and anomalies","score":0.9514999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7639778256416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7368002533912659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6692541837692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6453648209571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5617440938949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5577834248542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5075556039810181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.46950674057006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4424007534980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.43830499053001404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7639778256416321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7368002533912659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6692541837692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6453648209571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5617440938949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5577834248542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5075556039810181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46950674057006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4424007534980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.43830499053001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153357","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/693538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/693538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ieee Access, vol. 10, (23450-23462)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be55dad4767447a29263c8bcfe7746a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be55dad4767447a29263c8bcfe7746a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 23450-23462 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153357","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09718285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1521870118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G078518N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","funder_display_name":"Vlaamse regering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1822059209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1-R01-DE027023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3870727593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C14/20/081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322308","funder_display_name":"KU Leuven"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4757083739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-DE027023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6597434134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BOF-C1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322308","funder_display_name":"KU Leuven"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8612174661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G078518N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322308","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213434993.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213434993.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98989133","https://openalex.org/W1523794535","https://openalex.org/W1662382123","https://openalex.org/W1920022804","https://openalex.org/W2010045692","https://openalex.org/W2078737216","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2097264885","https://openalex.org/W2097902475","https://openalex.org/W2100641579","https://openalex.org/W2162833336","https://openalex.org/W2166408662","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2558460151","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2598634450","https://openalex.org/W2782655540","https://openalex.org/W2789017128","https://openalex.org/W2891571047","https://openalex.org/W2905441841","https://openalex.org/W2905944778","https://openalex.org/W2907562204","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2964321699","https://openalex.org/W2997233412","https://openalex.org/W2998164129","https://openalex.org/W3008956107","https://openalex.org/W3029892634","https://openalex.org/W3034470433","https://openalex.org/W3047935656","https://openalex.org/W3086719422","https://openalex.org/W3087269353","https://openalex.org/W3093595247","https://openalex.org/W3094814395","https://openalex.org/W3113354915","https://openalex.org/W3160584563","https://openalex.org/W3173691502","https://openalex.org/W6637178625","https://openalex.org/W6640300118","https://openalex.org/W6684050148","https://openalex.org/W6720006811","https://openalex.org/W6735531217","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6781425395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052589448","https://openalex.org/W2765337000","https://openalex.org/W3104072235","https://openalex.org/W2391447249","https://openalex.org/W2312955079","https://openalex.org/W2350996391","https://openalex.org/W2066119650","https://openalex.org/W4224057882","https://openalex.org/W1993173579","https://openalex.org/W2383444525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identification":[0],"and":[1,9,67,162,191,195,202,212,240,261,281],"delineation":[2],"of":[3,12,45,102,108,179,210,277,317],"craniofacial":[4],"characteristics":[5],"support":[6],"the":[7,42,68,106,269,275,278,288,291,295],"clinical":[8,30,49,309,329],"molecular":[10],"diagnosis":[11],"genetic":[13,302],"syndromes.":[14],"Deep":[15],"learning":[16,111,322],"(DL)":[17],"frameworks":[18,52],"for":[19,37,55,70,244,258,268,300,324],"syndrome":[20,193,217],"identification":[21],"from":[22,85,129,214],"2D":[23],"facial":[24,57,131,159,170,188,208,298,326],"images":[25],"are":[26,92],"trained":[27],"on":[28,95,166,205],"large":[29],"datasets":[31,66],"using":[32],"standard":[33],"convolutional":[34],"neural":[35],"networks":[36],"classification.":[38,145],"In":[39,250],"contrast,":[40],"despite":[41],"increased":[43],"availability":[44],"3D":[46,56,75,82,130,158,169,187,207,325],"scanners":[47],"in":[48,115,157,304,328],"setups,":[50],"similar":[51],"remain":[53],"absent":[54],"photographs.":[58],"The":[59,99,176],"main":[60],"challenges":[61],"involve":[62],"working":[63,86],"with":[64,112,263],"smaller":[65],"need":[69],"DL":[71],"operations":[72],"applicable":[73],"to":[74,79,138,174,186,199,224,238,284],"geometric":[76,109,120,320],"data.":[77],"Therefore,":[78],"date,":[80],"most":[81,296],"methods":[83,323],"refrain":[84],"across":[87],"multiple":[88],"syndromic":[89],"groups":[90],"and/or":[91],"solely":[93],"based":[94,165],"traditional":[96],"machine":[97],"learning.":[98],"first":[100],"contribution":[101,178,273],"this":[103,180,196,241,272],"work":[104,164,181,312],"is":[105,134,147,197,294],"use":[107,316],"deep":[110,321],"spiral":[113],"convolutions":[114],"a":[116,124,154,183,219,252,264],"triplet-loss":[117],"architecture.":[118],"This":[119,311],"encoding":[121],"(GE)":[122],"learns":[123],"lower":[125],"dimensional":[126],"metric":[127],"space":[128],"data":[132],"that":[133,230],"used":[135,223],"as":[136,172,236],"input":[137,173,237],"linear":[139],"discriminant":[140],"analysis":[141,152,190],"(LDA)":[142],"performing":[143],"multiclass":[144],"Benchmarking":[146],"done":[148],"against":[149],"principal":[150],"component":[151],"(PCA),":[153],"common":[155],"technique":[156],"shape":[160,189],"analysis,":[161],"related":[163],"65":[167],"distinct":[168],"landmarks":[171],"LDA.":[175],"second":[177],"involves":[182],"part-based":[184,253,289,319],"implementation":[185],"multi-class":[192],"classification,":[194],"applied":[198],"both":[200,226,259],"GE":[201,231,260],"PCA.":[203],"Based":[204],"1,786":[206],"photographs":[209],"controls":[211],"individuals":[213],"13":[215],"different":[216],"classes,":[218],"five-fold":[220],"cross-validation":[221],"was":[222],"investigate":[225],"contributions.":[227],"Results":[228],"indicate":[229],"performs":[232],"better":[233],"than":[234],"PCA":[235],"LDA,":[239],"especially":[242],"so":[243],"more":[245,265],"compact":[246],"(lower":[247],"dimensional)":[248],"spaces.":[249],"addition,":[251],"approach":[254],"increases":[255],"performance":[256],"significantly":[257],"PCA,":[262],"significant":[266],"improvement":[267],"latter.":[270],"I.e.,":[271],"enhances":[274],"power":[276],"dataset.":[279],"Finally,":[280],"interestingly,":[282],"according":[283],"ablation":[285],"studies":[286],"within":[287],"approach,":[290],"upper":[292],"lip":[293],"distinguishing":[297],"segment":[299],"classifying":[301],"syndromes":[303],"our":[305],"dataset,":[306],"which":[307],"follows":[308],"expectation.":[310],"stimulates":[313],"an":[314],"enhanced":[315],"advanced":[318],"imaging":[327],"genetics.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}