{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214603750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153340","title":"License Plate Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network\u2013Back to the Basic With Design of Experiments","display_name":"License Plate Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network\u2013Back to the Basic With Design of Experiments","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214603750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153340","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09721015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09721015.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041029802","display_name":"Yang Yang Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-7778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041104231","display_name":"Zaini Abdul Halim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3009-2327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaini Abdul Halim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047356540","display_name":"Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3549-6443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041029802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.3817,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93074773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"22577","last_page":"22585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.8424698114395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7991690635681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7705399990081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6534197926521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6195553541183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5623497366905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5364359617233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5016763210296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47095972299575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-of-experiments","display_name":"Design of experiments","score":0.4233858585357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40450698137283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3895372450351715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09747979044914246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.06777885556221008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.8424698114395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7991690635681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7705399990081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6534197926521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6195553541183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5623497366905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5364359617233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5016763210296631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47095972299575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.4233858585357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40450698137283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3895372450351715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09747979044914246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.06777885556221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153340","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09721015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd7cc71734fa4499b8394cd3aa550acf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd7cc71734fa4499b8394cd3aa550acf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 22577-22585 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3153340","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09721015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1617736366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RUI 1001/PELECT/8014152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","funder_display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8032682684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RUI 1001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","funder_display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214603750.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214603750.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108082997","https://openalex.org/W1995427895","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2345353389","https://openalex.org/W2366097620","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2744971998","https://openalex.org/W2765100849","https://openalex.org/W2783152060","https://openalex.org/W2787264593","https://openalex.org/W2885173995","https://openalex.org/W2894366555","https://openalex.org/W2897185734","https://openalex.org/W2901204087","https://openalex.org/W2905353886","https://openalex.org/W2943528121","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2972224561","https://openalex.org/W2990308371","https://openalex.org/W2991290813","https://openalex.org/W3005312097","https://openalex.org/W3005576218","https://openalex.org/W3009457572","https://openalex.org/W3027300604","https://openalex.org/W3033060974","https://openalex.org/W3092721972","https://openalex.org/W3096570766","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3126311839","https://openalex.org/W3183419154","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6695314431","https://openalex.org/W6704907412","https://openalex.org/W6726983090","https://openalex.org/W6729349969","https://openalex.org/W6730903564","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6777971980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312856422","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W2963690996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"License":[1],"Plate":[2],"Recognition":[3],"(ALPR)":[4],"is":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,43,87,90],"the":[8,22,69,85,100,114,122,136,140,145],"applications":[9],"that":[10,135],"hugely":[11],"benefited":[12],"from":[13],"Convolutional":[14],"Neural":[15],"Network":[16],"(CNN)":[17],"processing":[18,24],"which":[19],"has":[20],"become":[21],"mainstream":[23],"method":[25],"for":[26,103],"complex":[27],"data.":[28],"Many":[29],"ALPR":[30],"research":[31],"proposed":[32],"new":[33],"CNN":[34],"model":[35,79,96,142],"designs":[36],"and":[37,54,61,98],"post-processing":[38],"methods":[39],"with":[40,74],"various":[41],"levels":[42],"performances":[44],"in":[45,56,78,93],"ALPR.":[46],"However,":[47],"good":[48],"performing":[49],"models":[50],"such":[51],"as":[52],"YOLOv3":[53,95,123,141],"SSD":[55],"more":[57],"general":[58],"object":[59],"detection":[60,72,106,149],"recognition":[62],"tasks":[63],"could":[64],"be":[65],"effectively":[66,138],"transferred":[67],"to":[68,112,143],"license":[70,104,147],"plate":[71,105,148],"application":[73],"a":[75],"small":[76],"effort":[77],"tuning.":[80],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"focuses":[83],"on":[84,121],"design":[86,97],"experiment":[88],"(DOE)":[89],"training":[91,101],"parameters":[92,109],"transferring":[94],"optimising":[99],"specifically":[102],"tasks.":[107],"The":[108,132],"are":[110],"categorised":[111],"reduce":[113],"DOE":[115,137],"run":[116],"requirements":[117],"while":[118],"gaining":[119],"insights":[120],"parameter":[124],"interactions":[125],"other":[126],"than":[127],"seeking":[128],"optimised":[129],"train":[130],"settings.":[131],"result":[133],"shows":[134],"improve":[139],"fit":[144],"vehicle":[146],"task.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
