{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212768123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152577","title":"A Machine Learning-Based Classification and Prediction Technique for DDoS Attacks","display_name":"A Machine Learning-Based Classification and Prediction Technique for DDoS Attacks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212768123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3152577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152577","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716094.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716094.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110842708","display_name":"Ismail","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brains Institute Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brains Institute Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032392536","display_name":"Muhammad Ismail Mohmand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-1481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ismail Mohmand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brains Institute Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-1481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brains Institute Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003815049","display_name":"Hameed Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2003-940X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hameed Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Buner, Buner, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Buner, Buner, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081010414","display_name":"Ayaz Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2793-858X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayaz Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2793-858X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ubaid Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0710-2531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ubaid Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brains Institute Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0710-2531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brains Institute Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012944437","display_name":"Muhammad Zakarya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-6699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zakarya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-6699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043353220","display_name":"Aftab Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9364-0231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aftab Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9364-0231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066468004","display_name":"Mushtaq Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-8072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mushtaq Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-8072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035758307","display_name":"Izaz Ur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-6624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Izaz Ur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-6624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030152252","display_name":"Muhammad Abdel Haleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-1077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131024953","display_name":"Kardan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vts6h49","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"]}],"countries":["AF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Haleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-1077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131024953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":17.0787,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":140,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9954299,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"21443","last_page":"21454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7848789691925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7728639841079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6614634394645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6593783497810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6546903848648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6152011752128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.5568241477012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion-matrix","display_name":"Confusion matrix","score":0.4558703601360321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4221535325050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.42176368832588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36927109956741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.19662201404571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09258386492729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08107325434684753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7848789691925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7728639841079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6614634394645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6593783497810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6546903848648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6152011752128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5568241477012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.4558703601360321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4221535325050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42176368832588196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36927109956741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.19662201404571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09258386492729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08107325434684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3152577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152577","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716094.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e295fc32fcae453999535977a523d8fe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e295fc32fcae453999535977a523d8fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 21443-21454 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3152577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152577","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716094.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322800","display_name":"University of Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02t2qwf81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152144901","https://openalex.org/W2181513139","https://openalex.org/W2183850696","https://openalex.org/W2313080551","https://openalex.org/W2740279402","https://openalex.org/W2924353071","https://openalex.org/W2929049293","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2950250245","https://openalex.org/W2986479656","https://openalex.org/W3005630930","https://openalex.org/W3006165800","https://openalex.org/W3007481080","https://openalex.org/W3008195198","https://openalex.org/W3008735069","https://openalex.org/W3012981875","https://openalex.org/W3015177549","https://openalex.org/W3042433202","https://openalex.org/W3093410479","https://openalex.org/W3119980607","https://openalex.org/W3120188614","https://openalex.org/W3121463837","https://openalex.org/W3124297996","https://openalex.org/W3136039078","https://openalex.org/W3137718725","https://openalex.org/W3151601825","https://openalex.org/W3155885603","https://openalex.org/W3195241069","https://openalex.org/W4287373408","https://openalex.org/W6685630547","https://openalex.org/W6698829245","https://openalex.org/W6789516461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765763546","https://openalex.org/W2341492732","https://openalex.org/W3187193180","https://openalex.org/W4386482731","https://openalex.org/W106542691","https://openalex.org/W1699080303","https://openalex.org/W4385302085","https://openalex.org/W4205685985","https://openalex.org/W4385192698","https://openalex.org/W3199837890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0,8],"network":[1],"attacks":[2,15,100],"are":[3,153,197],"referred":[4],"to,":[5],"usually,":[6],"as":[7,28,119],"Denial":[9],"of":[10,18,31,63,135,171,208,225],"Service":[11],"(DDoS)":[12],"attacks.":[13,65],"These":[14],"take":[16],"advantage":[17],"specific":[19],"limitations":[20],"that":[21,146,190],"apply":[22],"to":[23,52,58,218],"any":[24],"arrangement":[25],"asset,":[26],"such":[27],"the":[29,32,37,41,55,60,92,103,106,112,124,136,140,143,163,184,187,201,219,223,226],"framework":[30,97],"authorized":[33],"organization\u2019s":[34],"site.":[35],"In":[36,139,183],"existing":[38,220],"research":[39,93,221],"study,":[40],"author":[42],"worked":[43],"on":[44],"an":[45],"old":[46],"KDD":[47],"dataset.":[48],"It":[49],"is":[50,175,178,212,233],"necessary":[51],"work":[53,217],"with":[54],"latest":[56],"dataset":[57,108],"identify":[59],"current":[61],"state":[62],"DDoS":[64,74,99],"This":[66],"paper,":[67],"used":[68,83,118],"a":[69,95,120,130],"machine":[70,125],"learning":[71,126],"approach":[72],"for":[73,98,133,162,200],"attack":[75],"types":[76],"classification":[77,88],"and":[78,86,115,150,180,194,236],"prediction.":[79,101],"For":[80,102],"this":[81],"purpose,":[82],"Random":[84,164],"Forest":[85,165],"XGBoost":[87,202],"algorithms.":[89],"To":[90],"access":[91],"proposed":[94,104,173],"complete":[96],"work,":[105],"UNWS-np-15":[107],"was":[109,117,229],"extracted":[110],"from":[111],"GitHub":[113],"repository":[114],"Python":[116],"simulator.":[121],"After":[122],"applying":[123],"models,":[127],"we":[128],"generated":[129],"confusion":[131],"matrix":[132],"identification":[134],"model":[137,174,211],"performance.":[138],"first":[141],"classification,":[142,186],"results":[144,188],"showed":[145,189],"both":[147,191],"Precision":[148,192],"(PR)":[149,193],"Recall":[151,195],"(RE)":[152,196],"<inline-formula":[154],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[155],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[156],"<tex-math":[157],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\sim":[158],"89$":[159],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[160],"%":[161],"algorithm.":[166,203],"The":[167,204],"average":[168,205],"Accuracy":[169,206],"(AC)":[170,207],"our":[172,209,216],"~89%":[176],"which":[177,232],"superb":[179],"enough":[181],"good.":[182],"second":[185],"approximately":[198,234],"90%":[199],"suggested":[210],"~90%.":[213],"By":[214],"comparing":[215],"works,":[222],"accuracy":[224],"defect":[227],"determination":[228],"significantly":[230],"improved":[231],"85%":[235],"79%,":[237],"respectively.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}