{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212822688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152526","title":"Black-Box Audio Adversarial Attack Using Particle Swarm Optimization","display_name":"Black-Box Audio Adversarial Attack Using Particle Swarm Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212822688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3152526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152526","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716139.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716139.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066228509","display_name":"Hyunjun Mun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunjun Mun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-3133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015064421","display_name":"Sunggwan Seo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunggwan Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089161875","display_name":"Baehoon Son","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baehoon Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073360293","display_name":"Joobeom Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-2446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joobeom Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-2446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Security and Covergence Engineering for Intelligent Drones, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066228509"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4971,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90454159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"23532","last_page":"23544"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.880845308303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7904075384140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7230328321456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6517348289489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.5802888870239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.559978187084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5180654525756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.502488374710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4227513074874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.41463586688041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3065645694732666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.880845308303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7904075384140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7230328321456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6517348289489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.5802888870239258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.559978187084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5180654525756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.502488374710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4227513074874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.41463586688041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3065645694732666}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3152526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152526","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716139.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f8610d439d9488eb60a5d47d2f36c8b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f8610d439d9488eb60a5d47d2f36c8b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 23532-23544 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3152526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3152526","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09716139.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087668377","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-2020-0-01602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4089385630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-2020-0-01602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4359392028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-2020-0-01602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6406516060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1F1A1051251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212822688.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212822688.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1820051232","https://openalex.org/W1922655562","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1988698908","https://openalex.org/W2002016471","https://openalex.org/W2096914182","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2137687977","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2317744239","https://openalex.org/W2320438893","https://openalex.org/W2342840547","https://openalex.org/W2407023693","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2767951891","https://openalex.org/W2782403400","https://openalex.org/W2797583228","https://openalex.org/W2885407017","https://openalex.org/W2898435086","https://openalex.org/W2949103145","https://openalex.org/W2962718684","https://openalex.org/W2963058500","https://openalex.org/W2963070423","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2964301649","https://openalex.org/W2966367171","https://openalex.org/W2972706975","https://openalex.org/W2973252307","https://openalex.org/W3006816054","https://openalex.org/W3085562034","https://openalex.org/W3091896612","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W3106412272","https://openalex.org/W3109668151","https://openalex.org/W3110715780","https://openalex.org/W3153453329","https://openalex.org/W3207651366","https://openalex.org/W4231702991","https://openalex.org/W4300824008","https://openalex.org/W4307979480","https://openalex.org/W6636915900","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640090968","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6704559304","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6722479552","https://openalex.org/W6733049761","https://openalex.org/W6745795967","https://openalex.org/W6746608116","https://openalex.org/W6746882984","https://openalex.org/W6748288002","https://openalex.org/W6750404860","https://openalex.org/W6750665317","https://openalex.org/W6766697149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W4320018150","https://openalex.org/W4239582170","https://openalex.org/W2918664383","https://openalex.org/W106056076","https://openalex.org/W4320855730","https://openalex.org/W2135200719","https://openalex.org/W3009622996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58,173],"development":[1],"of":[2,134,149,229,253],"artificial":[3,7,49],"neural":[4,50,63],"networks":[5,51],"and":[6,14,28,106,130,196,226,248,255],"intelligence":[8],"has":[9,34,83],"helped":[10],"to":[11,116,169,181,222],"address":[12,170],"problems":[13],"improve":[15],"services":[16,102],"in":[17,87,194,251],"various":[18],"fields,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,66,179],"autonomous":[22],"driving,":[23],"image":[24],"classification,":[25],"medical":[26],"diagnosis,":[27],"speech":[29,76,100],"recognition.":[30],"However,":[31,98],"this":[32],"technology":[33],"raised":[35],"security":[36],"threats":[37],"that":[38,48,82,215,245],"are":[39,103,144,191],"different":[40],"from":[41],"existing":[42,259],"ones.":[43],"Recent":[44],"studies":[45,91],"have":[46,92,120,125,197],"shown":[47],"can":[52],"easily":[53],"malfunction":[54],"by":[55,68],"adversarial":[56,59,73,160,177,183,189,205],"examples.":[57],"examples":[60,74,184],"operate":[61],"the":[62,69,204],"network":[64],"model":[65],"intended":[67],"adversary.":[70],"In":[71,136,209],"particular,":[72,137,210],"targeting":[75],"recognition":[77,101],"models":[78],"is":[79,214,246],"an":[80,159],"area":[81],"been":[84],"actively":[85],"studied":[86],"recent":[88],"years.":[89],"Existing":[90],"focused":[93],"more":[94,192],"on":[95],"white-box":[96],"methods.":[97],"most":[99],"provided":[104],"online":[105],"involve":[107],"black-box,":[108],"making":[109],"it":[110],"difficult":[111],"or":[112],"impossible":[113],"for":[114],"adversaries":[115],"attack.":[117],"Black-box":[118],"attacks":[119,143,190],"several":[121],"challenges.":[122],"Typically,":[123],"they":[124,152],"a":[126,131,146,198],"low":[127],"success":[128,201,239,256],"rate":[129,202],"high":[132,147],"risk":[133,148,225],"detection.":[135],"previously":[138],"proposed":[139,174],"genetic":[140],"algorithm":[141],"(GA)-based":[142],"at":[145],"detection":[150,224],"because":[151],"require":[153],"numerous":[154],"queries.":[155],"Therefore,":[156],"we":[157],"propose":[158],"attack":[161,200,238],"system":[162,175,230,235],"using":[163,207],"particle":[164,217],"swarm":[165],"optimization":[166],"(PSO)":[167],"algorithms":[168],"these":[171],"problems.":[172],"uses":[176],"candidates":[178],"particles":[180],"obtain":[182],"through":[185],"iterative":[186],"optimization.":[187],"PSO-based":[188],"efficient":[193],"queries":[195],"higher":[199],"than":[203,258],"methods":[206],"GAs.":[208],"our":[211,234],"key":[212],"function":[213],"temporary":[216],"generation":[218],"maximizes":[219],"query":[220,254],"efficiency":[221],"reduce":[223],"prevent":[227],"wastage":[228],"resources.":[231],"On":[232],"average,":[233],"exhibits":[236],"96%":[237],"rates":[240,257],"with":[241],"1416.17":[242],"queries,":[243],"indicating":[244],"71.41%":[247],"8%":[249],"better":[250],"terms":[252],"GA-based":[260],"attacks,":[261],"respectively.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}