{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210990719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150341","title":"Lighting-and Personal Characteristic-Aware Markov Random Field Model for Facial Image Relighting System","display_name":"Lighting-and Personal Characteristic-Aware Markov Random Field Model for Facial Image Relighting System","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210990719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150341"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3150341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150341","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09709316.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09709316.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063924054","display_name":"Ching\u2010Ting Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-726X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Ting Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-726X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066474338","display_name":"Hwei-Jen Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-233X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107470533","display_name":"Tamkang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tft4718","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hwei-Jen Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-233X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025113833","display_name":"Chin-Yu Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107470533","display_name":"Tamkang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tft4718","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Yu Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3046,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52142454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"20432","last_page":"20444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.757346510887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-random-field","display_name":"Markov random field","score":0.7499434351921082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5709512233734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.5702471733093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5636109113693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.50332111120224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4766346216201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.46753165125846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4572041630744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.43917131423950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3707267642021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.22207936644554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11275339126586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08004266023635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07430800795555115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.757346510887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778045648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176827","display_name":"Markov random field","level":4,"score":0.7499434351921082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5709512233734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.5702471733093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5636109113693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.50332111120224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4766346216201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.46753165125846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4572041630744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.43917131423950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3707267642021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.22207936644554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11275339126586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08004266023635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07430800795555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3150341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150341","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09709316.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:987654321/122216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/122216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922698","display_name":"Tamkang University Institutional Repository (TKUIR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:105b3eb522d84e659e0814036bd00f7e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/105b3eb522d84e659e0814036bd00f7e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 20432-20444 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3150341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150341","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09709316.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2205640134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3862518167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G442615789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221-E-005 -056 -MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8985157498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572745618","https://openalex.org/W2002464721","https://openalex.org/W2006793117","https://openalex.org/W2059643374","https://openalex.org/W2095643100","https://openalex.org/W2106395586","https://openalex.org/W2108428911","https://openalex.org/W2109486640","https://openalex.org/W2117033808","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2127847374","https://openalex.org/W2129680231","https://openalex.org/W2136407193","https://openalex.org/W2242977366","https://openalex.org/W2275363859","https://openalex.org/W2465883194","https://openalex.org/W2749568986","https://openalex.org/W2767395154","https://openalex.org/W2773332582","https://openalex.org/W2791694917","https://openalex.org/W2808291191","https://openalex.org/W2810337759","https://openalex.org/W2945361107","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2972003492","https://openalex.org/W2979836745","https://openalex.org/W2985680131","https://openalex.org/W2999903067","https://openalex.org/W3009769734","https://openalex.org/W3031391275","https://openalex.org/W3042502878","https://openalex.org/W3110182603","https://openalex.org/W3134190725","https://openalex.org/W6634273241","https://openalex.org/W6677516346","https://openalex.org/W6687045409","https://openalex.org/W6690317348","https://openalex.org/W6778736881"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379651310","https://openalex.org/W2113019827","https://openalex.org/W1541249122","https://openalex.org/W2084326697","https://openalex.org/W2027903142","https://openalex.org/W2354322608","https://openalex.org/W2804608325","https://openalex.org/W2077211377","https://openalex.org/W2413828414","https://openalex.org/W2186675474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"learning-based":[1],"image":[2,42,53,81,241],"relighting":[3,242],"framework":[4,31,76,243,287],"is":[5,288],"proposed":[6,75,240,286],"for":[7,203],"automatically":[8,32],"changing":[9],"the":[10,30,34,40,46,51,63,68,79,94,102,114,124,136,140,161,165,172,180,186,191,204,213,220,230,239,250,256,261,267,272,277,285],"lighting":[11,18,72,95,128,195,200,205,214,263,308,325],"conditions":[12,196,303,309],"of":[13,50,62,101,116,135,164,171,185,252,271,284,292,317],"facial":[14,27,48,64,98,166,173,187,208],"images":[15,299,320],"from":[16],"one":[17],"source":[19,69,192],"to":[20,93,112,121,159,178,198,219,228,306],"another.":[21],"Given":[22],"only":[23],"a":[24,55,148,152,315],"2D":[25],"unseen":[26,137],"testing":[28],"image,":[29,103,274],"infers":[33],"highlight":[35],"or":[36],"shadow":[37],"areas":[38],"in":[39,43,157,296],"relighted":[41,232,257],"accordance":[44],"with":[45,314],"specific":[47,268],"characteristics":[49,100,134,270],"input":[52,80,273,298],"using":[54],"learned":[56],"non-parametric":[57],"Markov":[58,181],"random":[59,182],"field":[60,183],"model":[61,184],"appearance":[65,99,188],"correlation":[66,189],"between":[67,190],"and":[70,85,96,120,131,142,151,193,197,207,246,279,310],"target":[71,194],"conditions.":[73,326],"The":[74,105,168,234,282],"first":[77],"decomposes":[78],"into":[82],"its":[83],"global":[84,141],"local":[86,125,143],"components,":[87,210],"where":[88],"these":[89],"components":[90,107,144,206],"relate":[91],"mainly":[92],"detailed":[97],"respectively.":[104,211],"two":[106],"are":[108,145,175,217,225,304,311],"then":[109,176,226,312],"processed":[110,146],"independently":[111],"ease":[113],"problem":[115],"insufficient":[117],"training":[118,253],"samples":[119],"properly":[122],"analyze":[123],"contrast,":[126],"overall":[127],"direction":[129],"effects,":[130],"personal":[132,153,269],"feature":[133],"subject.":[138],"Specifically,":[139],"by":[147,266,290],"lighting\u2013aware":[149],"classifier":[150],"characteristic\u2013aware":[154],"classifier,":[155],"respectively,":[156],"order":[158],"determine":[160],"semantic":[162,169],"factors":[163,170],"region.":[167],"region":[174],"used":[177],"update":[179],"produce":[199],"enhancement":[201,215],"matrices":[202,216],"characteristic":[209],"Finally,":[212],"applied":[218],"original":[221],"decomposition":[222],"images,":[223],"which":[224,297],"integrated":[227],"obtain":[229],"final":[231],"result.":[233],"experimental":[235],"results":[236,248,258],"show":[237],"that":[238],"generates":[244],"vivid":[245],"recognizable":[247],"despite":[249],"scarcity":[251],"samples.":[254],"Furthermore,":[255],"successfully":[259],"simulate":[260],"individual":[262],"effects":[264],"produced":[265],"such":[275],"as":[276],"nose":[278],"cheek":[280],"shadows.":[281],"effectiveness":[283],"demonstrated":[289],"means":[291],"face":[293],"verification":[294],"tests,":[295],"taken":[300,322],"under":[301,323],"side-lighting":[302],"transformed":[305],"normal":[307,324],"matched":[313],"dataset":[316],"ground":[318],"truth":[319],"also":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}