{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210830905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150016","title":"AlexNet, AdaBoost and Artificial Bee Colony Based Hybrid Model for Electricity Theft Detection in Smart Grids","display_name":"AlexNet, AdaBoost and Artificial Bee Colony Based Hybrid Model for Electricity Theft Detection in Smart Grids","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210830905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3150016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150016","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09707814.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09707814.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005540285","display_name":"Ashraf Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-0160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashraf Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055380996","display_name":"Nadeem Javaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["AU","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032041406","display_name":"Muhammad Asif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6770-3884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6770-3884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037497109","display_name":"Muhammad Umar Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6884-8855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Umar Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6884-8855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027499584","display_name":"Adamu Sani Yahaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-7221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adamu Sani Yahaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-7221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.4818,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95802269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"18681","last_page":"18694"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7410868406295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.7236438989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.6174092292785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6068709492683411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5487587451934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.5396198630332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5048592686653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undersampling","display_name":"Undersampling","score":0.43967804312705994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4239526391029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.39360785484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10766100883483887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7410868406295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.7236438989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.6174092292785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6068709492683411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5487587451934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5396198630332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5048592686653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136536468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225894","display_name":"Undersampling","level":2,"score":0.43967804312705994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4239526391029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.39360785484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10766100883483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3150016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150016","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09707814.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:294b6d9f01c44a3c81743c6da6b44f43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/294b6d9f01c44a3c81743c6da6b44f43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 18681-18694 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3150016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150016","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09707814.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210830905.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210830905.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88605683","https://openalex.org/W2014252769","https://openalex.org/W2047626401","https://openalex.org/W2134468380","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2169064301","https://openalex.org/W2212529815","https://openalex.org/W2343530358","https://openalex.org/W2499468060","https://openalex.org/W2514639975","https://openalex.org/W2582953896","https://openalex.org/W2765445615","https://openalex.org/W2767111237","https://openalex.org/W2776990447","https://openalex.org/W2793717822","https://openalex.org/W2794620754","https://openalex.org/W2795113588","https://openalex.org/W2831439818","https://openalex.org/W2894817759","https://openalex.org/W2910992412","https://openalex.org/W2914780389","https://openalex.org/W2922515190","https://openalex.org/W2969529392","https://openalex.org/W2970705010","https://openalex.org/W2973055534","https://openalex.org/W2975396892","https://openalex.org/W2978986055","https://openalex.org/W2998161714","https://openalex.org/W3022246579","https://openalex.org/W3037931488","https://openalex.org/W3080094819","https://openalex.org/W3090158923","https://openalex.org/W3095941833","https://openalex.org/W3097369108","https://openalex.org/W3138780148","https://openalex.org/W3161521379","https://openalex.org/W3172928499","https://openalex.org/W3176279528","https://openalex.org/W3195959106","https://openalex.org/W3200970259","https://openalex.org/W4205505880","https://openalex.org/W4298842909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327035729","https://openalex.org/W2348748958","https://openalex.org/W3039673966","https://openalex.org/W1538046993","https://openalex.org/W2884325279","https://openalex.org/W1570592793","https://openalex.org/W1525436954","https://openalex.org/W2385662756","https://openalex.org/W2585372724","https://openalex.org/W2241444561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electricity":[0],"theft":[1],"(ET)":[2],"is":[3,96,115,125,154],"an":[4,128],"utmost":[5],"problem":[6,124],"for":[7,85],"power":[8],"utilities":[9],"because":[10],"it":[11],"threatens":[12],"public":[13],"safety,":[14],"disturbs":[15],"the":[16,27,55,74,86,100,106,158,161,171,175,205],"normal":[17,113],"working":[18],"of":[19,59,67,89,102,109,137,160,167],"grid":[20],"infrastructure":[21],"and":[22,36,69,112,139,193,202],"increases":[23],"revenue":[24],"losses.":[25],"In":[26],"literature,":[28],"many":[29],"machine":[30],"learning":[31,34],"(ML),":[32],"deep":[33],"(DL)":[35],"statistical":[37],"based":[38],"models":[39,47],"are":[40,141],"introduced":[41],"to":[42,54,98,156,181],"detect":[43],"ET.":[44],"However,":[45],"these":[46],"do":[48],"not":[49],"give":[50],"optimal":[51],"results":[52,178],"due":[53],"following":[56],"reasons:":[57],"curse":[58,101],"dimensionality,":[60],"class":[61,122],"imbalance":[62,123],"problem,":[63],"inappropriate":[64],"hyper-parameter":[65],"tuning":[66],"ML":[68],"DL":[70,83],"models,":[71],"etc.":[72],"Keeping":[73],"aforementioned":[75],"concerns":[76],"in":[77,92],"view,":[78],"we":[79],"introduce":[80],"a":[81],"hybrid":[82,162,172],"model":[84,173,186],"efficient":[87],"detection":[88],"electricity":[90],"thieves":[91,111],"smart":[93,151],"grids.":[94],"AlexNet":[95,140],"utilized":[97],"handle":[99],"dimensionality":[103],"issue":[104],"while":[105],"final":[107],"classification":[108,177],"energy":[110],"consumers":[114],"performed":[116],"through":[117],"adaptive":[118],"boosting":[119],"(AdaBoost).":[120],"Moreover,":[121],"resolved":[126],"using":[127,143],"undersampling":[129],"technique,":[130],"named":[131],"as":[132,179],"near":[133],"miss.":[134],"Furthermore,":[135],"hyper-parameters":[136],"AdaBoost":[138],"tuned":[142],"artificial":[144],"bee":[145],"colony":[146],"optimization":[147],"algorithm.":[148],"The":[149,164],"real":[150],"meters\u2019":[152],"dataset":[153],"used":[155],"assess":[157],"efficacy":[159],"model.":[163],"substantial":[165],"amount":[166],"simulations":[168],"proves":[169],"that":[170],"obtains":[174,187],"highest":[176],"compared":[180],"its":[182],"counterparts.":[183],"Our":[184],"proposed":[185],"88%,":[188],"86%,":[189],"84%,":[190],"85%,":[191],"78%":[192],"91%":[194],"accuracy,":[195],"precision,":[196],"recall,":[197],"F1-score,":[198],"Matthew":[199],"correlation":[200],"coefficient":[201],"area":[203],"under":[204],"curve":[206],"receiver":[207],"operating":[208],"characteristics,":[209],"respectively.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T01:25:22.217667","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}