{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210875242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149587","title":"Pseudo-Label-Free Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation Using Image Masking","display_name":"Pseudo-Label-Free Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation Using Image Masking","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210875242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149587","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09706214.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09706214.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101480536","display_name":"Sangtae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8290-0947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangtae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8290-0947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036831364","display_name":"Luong Trung Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5279-4370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luong Trung Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5279-4370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064051041","display_name":"Kyuhong Shim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-3100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyuhong Shim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0123-3100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941756","display_name":"Junhan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-5425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-5425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076075267","display_name":"Byonghyo Shim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5051-1763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byonghyo Shim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76185357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"19401","last_page":"19411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.8284763097763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7929689884185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7345963716506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.6288480162620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.611542820930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation-based-object-categorization","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","score":0.5896616578102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5419721007347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.525711715221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4574522078037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4382035732269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4242151379585266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8284763097763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7929689884185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7345963716506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.6288480162620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.611542820930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25694479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7446278","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","level":5,"score":0.5896616578102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5419721007347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.525711715221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4574522078037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4382035732269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4242151379585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149587","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09706214.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e36c367ead334851adca837559fec336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e36c367ead334851adca837559fec336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 19401-19411 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:s-space.snu.ac.kr:10371/179470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10371/179470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401345","display_name":"Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","host_organization_name":"Seoul National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149587","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09706214.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3079584391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO210201-08353-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3880285543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2C2102198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210875242.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210875242.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W611457968","https://openalex.org/W654771987","https://openalex.org/W1495267108","https://openalex.org/W1529410181","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1783315696","https://openalex.org/W1817277359","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W1945608308","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2050159143","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2133515615","https://openalex.org/W2144794286","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2221898772","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2306289963","https://openalex.org/W2337429362","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2554423077","https://openalex.org/W2585521554","https://openalex.org/W2600144439","https://openalex.org/W2604260814","https://openalex.org/W2798376494","https://openalex.org/W2798715809","https://openalex.org/W2799124825","https://openalex.org/W2939217524","https://openalex.org/W2962758679","https://openalex.org/W2962891704","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963495494","https://openalex.org/W2963606198","https://openalex.org/W2963670239","https://openalex.org/W2963977581","https://openalex.org/W2964159923","https://openalex.org/W2980189057","https://openalex.org/W2982093251","https://openalex.org/W2996952120","https://openalex.org/W2999480731","https://openalex.org/W3017680858","https://openalex.org/W3034333089","https://openalex.org/W3085685449","https://openalex.org/W3166177850","https://openalex.org/W3166286626","https://openalex.org/W3169761117","https://openalex.org/W3173957243","https://openalex.org/W3176760243","https://openalex.org/W3177958285","https://openalex.org/W3183732083","https://openalex.org/W3202524699","https://openalex.org/W4226221010","https://openalex.org/W6631611276","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638480814","https://openalex.org/W6640295612","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6729856380","https://openalex.org/W6768462273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3144569342","https://openalex.org/W2945274617","https://openalex.org/W2185902295","https://openalex.org/W2103507220","https://openalex.org/W2055202857","https://openalex.org/W4205800335","https://openalex.org/W2371519352","https://openalex.org/W2386644571","https://openalex.org/W2372421320","https://openalex.org/W2901890255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weakly-supervised":[0],"semantic":[1,8],"segmentation":[2,9,33,62,76,93,102],"(WSSS)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,90],"train":[6,91],"a":[7,28,58,69],"network":[10,34,77,94],"using":[11],"weak":[12],"labels.":[13],"Recent":[14],"approaches":[15,43],"generate":[16],"the":[17,20,32,40,46,51,61,75,81,86,92,97,101,108,115],"pseudo-label":[18,47],"from":[19],"image-level":[21],"label":[22],"and":[23,54],"then":[24],"exploit":[25],"it":[26],"as":[27],"pixel-level":[29],"supervision":[30],"in":[31,128],"training.":[35],"A":[36],"potential":[37],"drawback":[38],"of":[39,60,85],"conventional":[41],"WSSS":[42,71],"is":[44,89,104,126],"that":[45,73,96,123],"cannot":[48],"accurately":[49],"express":[50],"object":[52,98],"regions":[53],"their":[55],"classes,":[56],"causing":[57],"degradation":[59],"performance.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67,121],"propose":[68],"new":[70],"technique":[72],"trains":[74],"without":[78],"relying":[79],"on":[80,114],"pseudo-label.":[82],"Key":[83],"idea":[84],"proposed":[87],"approach":[88,125],"such":[95],"erased":[99],"by":[100,107],"map":[103],"not":[105],"detected":[106],"classification":[109],"network.":[110],"From":[111],"extensive":[112],"experiments":[113],"PASCAL":[116],"VOC":[117],"2012":[118],"benchmark":[119],"dataset,":[120],"demonstrate":[122],"our":[124],"effective":[127],"WSSS.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}