{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210946668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149295","title":"Machine Learning With Variational AutoEncoder for Imbalanced Datasets in Intrusion Detection","display_name":"Machine Learning With Variational AutoEncoder for Imbalanced Datasets in Intrusion Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210946668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149295","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09705580.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09705580.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021844836","display_name":"Ying\u2013Dar Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5226-4396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Dar Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5226-4396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100628622","display_name":"Ziqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-0289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zi-Qiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035925200","display_name":"Ren\u2010Hung Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7996-4184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Hung Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7996-4184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034201659","display_name":"Van-Linh Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-0108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263268","display_name":"Thai Nguyen University of Information and Communication Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gv3mr75","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263268"]}],"countries":["TW","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van-Linh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan","Department of Information Technology, University of Information and Communication Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-0108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, University of Information and Communication Technology, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084330488","display_name":"Po\u2010Ching Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-5857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099254","display_name":"National Chung Cheng University","ror":"https://ror.org/0028v3876","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Ching Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-5857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099254"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085347760","display_name":"Yuan\u2010Cheng Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3695-5784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan-Cheng Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3695-5784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.8448,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97303164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"15247","last_page":"15260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7571573257446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7399527430534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6940985918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6600666642189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5802154541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3653795123100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33411359786987305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7571573257446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7399527430534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6940985918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6600666642189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5802154541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3653795123100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33411359786987305}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149295","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09705580.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0b894e7af5fd4cab87e539ceac029d9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0b894e7af5fd4cab87e539ceac029d9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 15247-15260 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3149295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149295","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09705580.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210946668.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210946668.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1968185194","https://openalex.org/W2026621111","https://openalex.org/W2039157918","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2254364023","https://openalex.org/W2342408547","https://openalex.org/W2583874385","https://openalex.org/W2767094836","https://openalex.org/W2788864200","https://openalex.org/W2899653275","https://openalex.org/W2904969546","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2929803724","https://openalex.org/W2952066300","https://openalex.org/W2970172234","https://openalex.org/W2971264591","https://openalex.org/W2977634018","https://openalex.org/W2988337058","https://openalex.org/W2990630613","https://openalex.org/W2993658339","https://openalex.org/W2996176555","https://openalex.org/W3005641848","https://openalex.org/W3006165800","https://openalex.org/W3008195198","https://openalex.org/W3015471529","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3032266608","https://openalex.org/W3047608117","https://openalex.org/W3048465885","https://openalex.org/W3080594820","https://openalex.org/W3092115540","https://openalex.org/W3100632527","https://openalex.org/W3116274835","https://openalex.org/W3120093105","https://openalex.org/W3192519096","https://openalex.org/W3197817719","https://openalex.org/W3203072121","https://openalex.org/W3208255977","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6748641434","https://openalex.org/W6785407622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2364419519","https://openalex.org/W2017948608","https://openalex.org/W2360767377","https://openalex.org/W2360951146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,78,94,101,104,183,195,220],"result":[2,222],"of":[3,6,12,49,103,124,169,174,228,239],"the":[4,10,21,30,50,72,122,128,145,162,167,225,236,248],"explosion":[5,123],"security":[7,75],"attacks":[8,76],"and":[9,43,62,109,120,215,251],"complexity":[11],"modern":[13],"networks,":[14],"machine":[15],"learning":[16],"(ML)":[17],"has":[18],"recently":[19],"become":[20],"favored":[22],"approach":[23,32],"for":[24,177],"intrusion":[25],"detection":[26,131,180],"systems":[27],"(IDS).":[28],"However,":[29],"ML":[31,55,175],"usually":[33],"faces":[34],"three":[35],"challenges:":[36],"massive":[37],"attack":[38,125,267],"variants,":[39],"imbalanced":[40,118,240],"data":[41,45,84,149,187],"issues,":[42],"appropriate":[44,172],"segmentation.":[46],"Improper":[47],"handling":[48],"issues":[51],"will":[52],"significantly":[53],"degrade":[54],"performance,":[56],"e.g.,":[57],"resulting":[58],"in":[59,71,77,148,182],"high":[60],"false-negative":[61],"low":[63],"recall":[64,218,254],"rates.":[65],"Despite":[66],"many":[67],"efforts":[68],"have":[69],"done":[70],"literature,":[73],"detecting":[74],"complicated":[79],"network":[80],"environment":[81],"with":[82,100,117],"imperfect":[83],"collection":[85,188],"is":[86,161,190],"still":[87],"an":[88,135,171],"open":[89],"issue.":[90],"This":[91],"work":[92,160],"proposes":[93],"<italic":[95,105,110,137],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[96,106,111,138],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">machine":[97],"learning</i>":[98],"framework":[99],"combination":[102,173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">variational":[107],"autoencoder</i>":[108],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">multilayer":[112],"perceptron</i>":[113],"model":[114,263],"to":[115,143,165,224,245],"deal":[116],"datasets":[119,241],"detect":[121,265],"variants":[126],"on":[127,194,212,217,247,253],"Internet.":[129],"The":[130,256],"engine":[132],"also":[133,259],"includes":[134],"efficient":[136],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">range-based":[139],"sequential":[140],"search</i>":[141],"algorithm":[142],"address":[144],"segmentation":[146],"challenge":[147],"pre-processing":[150],"from":[151],"multiple":[152],"sources":[153],"(network":[154],"packets,":[155],"system/statistic":[156],"logs)":[157],"effectively.":[158],"Our":[159],"first":[163],"attempt":[164],"demonstrate":[166],"effect":[168],"using":[170],"models":[176],"boosting":[178],"IDS":[179],"capability":[181],"heterogeneous":[184],"environment,":[185],"where":[186],"imperfection":[189],"common.":[191],"Experimental":[192],"results":[193,258],"public":[196],"system":[197],"log":[198],"dataset":[199],"(e.g.,":[200],"HDFS)":[201],"show":[202],"that":[203,235,261],"our":[204,262],"method":[205],"gains":[206],"approximately":[207],"as":[208,210],"much":[209],"97%":[211],"F1":[213,249],"score":[214,250],"98%":[216],"rate,":[219],"promising":[221],"compared":[223],"same":[226],"measurement":[227],"other":[229],"solutions.":[230],"Even":[231],"better,":[232],"we":[233],"found":[234],"proposed":[237],"treatment":[238],"can":[242,264],"improve":[243],"up":[244],"35%":[246],"27%":[252],"rate.":[255],"testing":[257],"indicate":[260],"new":[266],"variants.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}