{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210701925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3148051","title":"Epidemic Exposure Tracking With Wearables: A Machine Learning Approach to Contact Tracing","display_name":"Epidemic Exposure Tracking With Wearables: A Machine Learning Approach to Contact Tracing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210701925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3148051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3148051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3148051","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09698092.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09698092.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064099671","display_name":"Pai Chet Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-5411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pai Chet Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-5411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011752471","display_name":"Petros Spachos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8004-0907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petros Spachos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8004-0907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091874195","display_name":"Stefano Gregori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5410-1139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Gregori","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5410-1139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059152392","display_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.8143,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9685299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"14134","last_page":"14148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.762872040271759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7383891344070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.6144315004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5476852059364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5402218699455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48852527141571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4052480459213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4049021899700165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38312414288520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.17883402109146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.11095261573791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0863848626613617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.762872040271759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7383891344070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.6144315004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5476852059364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5402218699455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48852527141571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4052480459213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4049021899700165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38312414288520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.17883402109146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.11095261573791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0863848626613617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3148051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3148051","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09698092.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d78134e3b7714a9e97ca9b41131d5dd9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d78134e3b7714a9e97ca9b41131d5dd9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 14134-14148 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24219484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemic_Exposure_Tracking_With_Wearables_A_Machine_Learning_Approach_to_Contact_Tracing/24219484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402621","display_name":"INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3148051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3148051","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09698092.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7443686918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#401656","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210701925.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210701925.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993863804","https://openalex.org/W2042832405","https://openalex.org/W2073230023","https://openalex.org/W2196313793","https://openalex.org/W2241379191","https://openalex.org/W2610591805","https://openalex.org/W2747285408","https://openalex.org/W2749262460","https://openalex.org/W2761606143","https://openalex.org/W2781500483","https://openalex.org/W2811183593","https://openalex.org/W2886738292","https://openalex.org/W2905847620","https://openalex.org/W2945562217","https://openalex.org/W2998949556","https://openalex.org/W3007601292","https://openalex.org/W3008604130","https://openalex.org/W3013215798","https://openalex.org/W3021137017","https://openalex.org/W3021495674","https://openalex.org/W3022007317","https://openalex.org/W3022416583","https://openalex.org/W3028070348","https://openalex.org/W3036422000","https://openalex.org/W3040999331","https://openalex.org/W3041522476","https://openalex.org/W3047958480","https://openalex.org/W3081367316","https://openalex.org/W3095708005","https://openalex.org/W3095828274","https://openalex.org/W3104096625","https://openalex.org/W3108123888","https://openalex.org/W3109623242","https://openalex.org/W3135572915","https://openalex.org/W3162025526","https://openalex.org/W3205498113","https://openalex.org/W4206096974","https://openalex.org/W4287816554","https://openalex.org/W6775918543","https://openalex.org/W6776804051","https://openalex.org/W6784988372"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W4399915950","https://openalex.org/W2012140923","https://openalex.org/W4287554683","https://openalex.org/W2012157391","https://openalex.org/W2585232498","https://openalex.org/W2562087406","https://openalex.org/W2122277836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,183],"recent":[1],"pandemic":[2],"revealed":[3],"weaknesses":[4],"in":[5,121],"several":[6],"areas,":[7],"including":[8],"the":[9,23,75,91,105,111,139,165,172,188,193],"limited":[10],"capacity":[11],"of":[12,94,123,142,174,187],"public":[13],"health":[14],"systems":[15],"for":[16,81,103,178,213],"efficient":[17],"case":[18],"tracking":[19],"and":[20,32,43,97,125,217],"reporting.":[21],"In":[22],"post-pandemic":[24],"era,":[25],"it":[26],"is":[27,129,195],"essential":[28],"to":[29,45,63,89,117,132,137,147,163,199],"be":[30],"ready":[31],"provide":[33],"not":[34],"only":[35],"preventive":[36],"measures,":[37],"but":[38],"also":[39],"effective":[40],"digital":[41],"strategies":[42],"solutions":[44],"protect":[46],"our":[47,156,175],"population":[48],"from":[49,114,192],"future":[50],"outbreaks.":[51],"This":[52],"work":[53],"presents":[54],"a":[55,86,95,115,143,148,210],"contact":[56,70,180],"tracing":[57,71,181],"solution":[58,177],"based":[59],"on":[60],"wearable":[61,202],"devices":[62,203],"track":[64],"epidemic":[65,214],"exposure.":[66],"Our":[67],"proximity-based":[68],"privacy-preserving":[69],"(P3CT)":[72],"integrates:":[73],"1)":[74],"Bluetooth":[76],"Low":[77],"Energy":[78],"(BLE)":[79],"technology":[80],"reliable":[82],"proximity":[83],"sensing,":[84],"2)":[85],"machine-learning":[87],"approach":[88,212],"classify":[90],"exposure":[92,140,215],"risk":[93,141],"user,":[96],"3)":[98],"an":[99,152],"ambient":[100,161],"signature":[101],"protocol":[102,159],"preserving":[104],"user\u2019s":[106],"identity.":[107,168],"Proximity":[108],"sensing":[109],"exploits":[110],"signals":[112],"emitted":[113],"smartwatch":[116,194],"estimate":[118],"users\u2019":[119],"interaction,":[120],"terms":[122],"distance":[124],"duration.":[126],"Supervised":[127],"learning":[128,207],"then":[130],"used":[131],"train":[133],"four":[134],"classification":[135],"models":[136,208],"identify":[138],"user":[144],"with":[145,151,205],"respect":[146],"patient":[149],"diagnosed":[150],"infectious":[153],"disease.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"proposed":[157,176],"P3CT":[158],"uses":[160],"signatures":[162],"anonymize":[164],"infected":[166],"patient\u2019s":[167],"Extensive":[169],"experiments":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"feasibility":[173],"real-world":[179],"problems.":[182],"large-scale":[184],"dataset":[185],"consisting":[186],"signal":[189],"information":[190],"collected":[191],"available":[196],"online.":[197],"According":[198],"experimental":[200],"results,":[201],"along":[204],"machine":[206],"are":[209],"promising":[211],"notification":[216],"tracking.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}