{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210629767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3146406","title":"Optimal Causal Decision Trees Ensemble for Improved Prediction and Causal Inference","display_name":"Optimal Causal Decision Trees Ensemble for Improved Prediction and Causal Inference","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210629767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3146406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3146406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3146406","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09694495.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09694495.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024244123","display_name":"Neelam Younas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-5247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189909677","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02bdt4v11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189909677"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neelam Younas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Econometrics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Econometrics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189909677"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039470840","display_name":"Amjad Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1411-954X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1411-954X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032580126","display_name":"Hafsa Hina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9931-1957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189909677","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02bdt4v11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189909677"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafsa Hina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Econometrics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Econometrics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189909677"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029272884","display_name":"Muhammad Hamraz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hamraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084849204","display_name":"Zardad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-9143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zardad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-9143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021883892","display_name":"Saeed Aldahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0826-4540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Aldahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Analytics in the Digital Era, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0826-4540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Analytics in the Digital Era, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.3943,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96868792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"13000","last_page":"13011"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7105934023857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.5757580995559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lasso","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","score":0.5697294473648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5430272817611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5215339660644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.48565709590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4646425247192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46107980608940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4318027198314667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3918669819831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37595391273498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.10771149396896362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7105934023857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.5757580995559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37616216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5697294473648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5430272817611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5215339660644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.48565709590911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4646425247192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46107980608940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4318027198314667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3918669819831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37595391273498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.10771149396896362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3146406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3146406","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09694495.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c255e58fca2a48e193f260bf4f84688f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c255e58fca2a48e193f260bf4f84688f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 13000-13011 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3146406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3146406","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09694495.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210629767.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210629767.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573647811","https://openalex.org/W1605688901","https://openalex.org/W1797580880","https://openalex.org/W1819522214","https://openalex.org/W1901355268","https://openalex.org/W1976215007","https://openalex.org/W1978888611","https://openalex.org/W1981178452","https://openalex.org/W1984140225","https://openalex.org/W1997927050","https://openalex.org/W2000318912","https://openalex.org/W2017170890","https://openalex.org/W2019778169","https://openalex.org/W2025548740","https://openalex.org/W2026925128","https://openalex.org/W2045803758","https://openalex.org/W2047081748","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2059507684","https://openalex.org/W2070073022","https://openalex.org/W2080791146","https://openalex.org/W2094069555","https://openalex.org/W2097633087","https://openalex.org/W2112740000","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2120240539","https://openalex.org/W2122821666","https://openalex.org/W2128159220","https://openalex.org/W2144452471","https://openalex.org/W2148414029","https://openalex.org/W2148767360","https://openalex.org/W2149446614","https://openalex.org/W2160207817","https://openalex.org/W2162387923","https://openalex.org/W2171150778","https://openalex.org/W2171177579","https://openalex.org/W2174035242","https://openalex.org/W2208550830","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2345898006","https://openalex.org/W2515852871","https://openalex.org/W2580550754","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2953079191","https://openalex.org/W2962727190","https://openalex.org/W2997833137","https://openalex.org/W3004732066","https://openalex.org/W3015850748","https://openalex.org/W3037620472","https://openalex.org/W3037729706","https://openalex.org/W3092453270","https://openalex.org/W3104060823","https://openalex.org/W3115396879","https://openalex.org/W3117140277","https://openalex.org/W3120999578","https://openalex.org/W3124304163","https://openalex.org/W3133584557","https://openalex.org/W3133758652","https://openalex.org/W3134776044","https://openalex.org/W3162747997","https://openalex.org/W3201884498","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4242746271","https://openalex.org/W4244313837","https://openalex.org/W4249450547","https://openalex.org/W4287028357","https://openalex.org/W6634147026","https://openalex.org/W6676959241","https://openalex.org/W6681635173","https://openalex.org/W6682020064","https://openalex.org/W6688269647","https://openalex.org/W6688612899","https://openalex.org/W6704845714","https://openalex.org/W6800725611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256576576","https://openalex.org/W3090384609","https://openalex.org/W3194013178","https://openalex.org/W4249086404","https://openalex.org/W4236464082","https://openalex.org/W2212119398","https://openalex.org/W2790019364","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W4288780803","https://openalex.org/W2187089732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensemble":[0],"methods":[1,251],"can":[2,229],"be":[3,230],"used":[4,98,231],"to":[5,92,246],"identify":[6],"causal":[7,33,46,74,176],"relationships":[8],"in":[9,20,221,253],"data":[10],"for":[11,48,99,233],"a":[12,32,39,68,77,136],"better":[13,240],"understanding":[14],"and":[15,37,104,127,161,168,204,238,243],"taking":[16],"the":[17,29,71,169,175,222,226,247,250,254],"right":[18],"decision":[19,34,171],"processes":[21],"that":[22,96,225],"involve":[23],"high":[24],"risk.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27,134,223],"explores":[28],"idea":[30],"of":[31,70,118,123,249],"tree":[35],"forest":[36,173],"proposes":[38],"regularized":[40],"ensemble":[41,95],"method":[42,63,110,150,228],"by":[43],"integrating":[44],"optimal":[45],"trees":[47,75,89,172],"improved":[49],"prediction":[50,241],"accuracy":[51],"while":[52],"not":[53],"compromising":[54],"on":[55,66,82,113,121],"accurately":[56],"estimating":[57,100,234],"heterogeneous":[58,101,235],"treatment":[59,102,236],"effects.":[60],"The":[61,87,108,133,148,218],"proposed":[62,109,149,227],"is":[64,97,111,151],"based":[65,81],"selecting":[67],"subset":[69],"most":[72],"accurate":[73],"from":[76],"sufficiently":[78],"large":[79],"pool":[80],"their":[83],"out-of-sample":[84],"error":[85,181,190],"estimates.":[86],"selected":[88],"are":[90,142],"integrated":[91],"form":[93],"an":[94,130],"effect":[103],"predicting":[105],"unseen":[106],"data.":[107],"applied":[112],"Pakistan\u2019s":[114],"income":[115],"function":[116],"consisting":[117],"27964":[119],"observations":[120],"wages":[122],"workers":[124],"age":[125],"10":[126],"above":[128],"as":[129,215,244],"example":[131],"dataset.":[132],"gives":[135],"detailed":[137],"simulation":[138],"study":[139],"where":[140],"datasets":[141],"generated":[143],"under":[144],"5":[145],"different":[146],"designs.":[147],"assessed":[152],"against":[153],"ordinary":[154],"least":[155,158],"square":[156,180,189],"(OLS),":[157],"absolute":[159,197],"shrinkage":[160],"selection":[162],"operator":[163],"(LASSO),":[164],"Ridge,":[165],"Causal":[166],"Tree":[167],"standard":[170],"(i.e.":[174],"forest)":[177],"via":[178],"mean":[179,188,196],"(":[182,191,199,207],"<italic":[183,192,200],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[184,193,201,209],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">MSE</i>":[185],"),":[186,195],"root":[187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">RMSE</i>":[194],"deviation":[198],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">MAD</i>":[202],")":[203,214],"Pearson":[205],"correlation":[206],"<inline-formula":[208],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[210],"<tex-math":[211],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${r}$":[212],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[213],"performance":[216,242],"metrics.":[217],"analyses":[219],"given":[220,252],"reveal":[224],"effectively":[232],"effects":[237],"achieves":[239],"compared":[245],"rest":[248],"paper.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
